Merge branch 'main' into main

Cargo.toml

@@ -28,7 +28,8 @@ serde_json = "1"
 
 # Logging
 tracing = "0.1"
-tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "json"] }
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter", "json", "tracing-log"] }
+tracing-log = "0.2"
 
 # Error handling
 thiserror = "2"
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ nix = { version = "0.30", features = ["fs", "net", "hostname", "poll"] }
 
 # HTTP client (for URL downloads)
 # Use rustls by default, but allow native-tls for systems with older GLIBC
-reqwest = { version = "0.13", features = ["stream", "rustls"], default-features = false }
+reqwest = { version = "0.13", features = ["stream", "rustls", "json"], default-features = false }
 urlencoding = "2"
 
 # Static file embedding
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ clap = { version = "4", features = ["derive"] }
 time = "0.3"
 
 # Video capture (V4L2)
-v4l = "0.14"
+v4l2r = "0.0.7"
 
 # JPEG encoding (libjpeg-turbo, SIMD accelerated)
 turbojpeg = "1.3"
@@ -91,6 +92,8 @@ arc-swap = "1.8"
 # WebRTC
 webrtc = "0.14"
 rtp = "0.14"
+rtsp-types = "0.1"
+sdp-types = "0.1"
 
 # Audio (ALSA capture + Opus encoding)
 # Note: audiopus links to libopus.so (unavoidable for audio support)
@@ -115,7 +118,6 @@ hwcodec = { path = "libs/hwcodec" }
 protobuf = { version = "3.7", features = ["with-bytes"] }
 sodiumoxide = "0.2"
 sha2 = "0.10"
-
 # High-performance pixel format conversion (libyuv)
 libyuv = { path = "res/vcpkg/libyuv" }
 

build/cross/Dockerfile.arm64

@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@
 
 FROM debian:11
 
+# Linux headers used by v4l2r bindgen
+ARG LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION=6.6
+ARG LINUX_HEADERS_SHA256=
+
 # Set Rustup mirrors (Aliyun)
-ENV RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup/rustup \
+#ENV RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup/rustup \
-    RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup
+#    RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup
 
 # Install Rust toolchain
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
@@ -31,7 +35,9 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     meson \
     ninja-build \
     wget \
+    xz-utils \
     file \
+    rsync \
     gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu \
     g++-aarch64-linux-gnu \
     libc6-dev-arm64-cross \
@@ -47,10 +53,22 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     libv4l-dev:arm64 \
     libudev-dev:arm64 \
     zlib1g-dev:arm64 \
+    linux-libc-dev:arm64 \
     # Note: libjpeg-turbo, libyuv, libvpx, libx264, libx265, libopus are built from source below for static linking
     libdrm-dev:arm64 \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
+# Install newer V4L2 headers for v4l2r bindgen
+RUN mkdir -p /opt/v4l2-headers \
+    && wget -q https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v6.x/linux-${LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION}.tar.xz -O /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz \
+    && if [ -n "$LINUX_HEADERS_SHA256" ]; then echo "$LINUX_HEADERS_SHA256  /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz" | sha256sum -c -; fi \
+    && tar -xf /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz -C /tmp \
+    && cd /tmp/linux-${LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION} \
+    && make ARCH=arm64 headers_install INSTALL_HDR_PATH=/opt/v4l2-headers \
+    && rm -rf /tmp/linux-${LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION} /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz
+
+ENV V4L2R_VIDEODEV2_H_PATH=/opt/v4l2-headers/include
+
 # Build static libjpeg-turbo from source (cross-compile for ARM64)
 RUN git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/libjpeg-turbo/libjpeg-turbo /tmp/libjpeg-turbo \
     && cd /tmp/libjpeg-turbo \

build/cross/Dockerfile.armv7

@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@
 
 FROM debian:11
 
+# Linux headers used by v4l2r bindgen
+ARG LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION=6.6
+ARG LINUX_HEADERS_SHA256=
+
 # Set Rustup mirrors (Aliyun)
-ENV RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup/rustup \
+#ENV RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup/rustup \
-    RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup
+#    RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup
 
 # Install Rust toolchain
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
@@ -31,7 +35,9 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     meson \
     ninja-build \
     wget \
+    xz-utils \
     file \
+    rsync \
     gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf \
     g++-arm-linux-gnueabihf \
     libc6-dev-armhf-cross \
@@ -46,10 +52,22 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     libasound2-dev:armhf \
     libv4l-dev:armhf \
     libudev-dev:armhf \
+    linux-libc-dev:armhf \
     zlib1g-dev:armhf \
     libdrm-dev:armhf \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
+# Install newer V4L2 headers for v4l2r bindgen
+RUN mkdir -p /opt/v4l2-headers \
+    && wget -q https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v6.x/linux-${LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION}.tar.xz -O /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz \
+    && if [ -n "$LINUX_HEADERS_SHA256" ]; then echo "$LINUX_HEADERS_SHA256  /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz" | sha256sum -c -; fi \
+    && tar -xf /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz -C /tmp \
+    && cd /tmp/linux-${LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION} \
+    && make ARCH=arm headers_install INSTALL_HDR_PATH=/opt/v4l2-headers \
+    && rm -rf /tmp/linux-${LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION} /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz
+
+ENV V4L2R_VIDEODEV2_H_PATH=/opt/v4l2-headers/include
+
 # Build static libjpeg-turbo from source (cross-compile for ARMv7)
 RUN git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/libjpeg-turbo/libjpeg-turbo /tmp/libjpeg-turbo \
     && cd /tmp/libjpeg-turbo \

build/cross/Dockerfile.x86_64

@@ -3,9 +3,13 @@
 
 FROM debian:11
 
+# Linux headers used by v4l2r bindgen
+ARG LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION=6.6
+ARG LINUX_HEADERS_SHA256=
+
 # Set Rustup mirrors (Aliyun)
-ENV RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup/rustup \
+#ENV RUSTUP_UPDATE_ROOT=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup/rustup \
-    RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup
+#    RUSTUP_DIST_SERVER=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/rustup
 
 # Install Rust toolchain
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
@@ -29,6 +33,8 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     libclang-dev \
     llvm \
     wget \
+    xz-utils \
+    rsync \
     # Autotools for libopus (requires autoreconf)
     autoconf \
     automake \
@@ -37,6 +43,7 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     libasound2-dev \
     libv4l-dev \
     libudev-dev \
+    linux-libc-dev \
     zlib1g-dev \
     # Note: libjpeg-turbo, libx264, libx265, libopus are built from source below for static linking
     libva-dev \
@@ -49,6 +56,17 @@ RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
     libxdmcp-dev \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
+# Install newer V4L2 headers for v4l2r bindgen
+RUN mkdir -p /opt/v4l2-headers \
+    && wget -q https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v6.x/linux-${LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION}.tar.xz -O /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz \
+    && if [ -n "$LINUX_HEADERS_SHA256" ]; then echo "$LINUX_HEADERS_SHA256  /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz" | sha256sum -c -; fi \
+    && tar -xf /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz -C /tmp \
+    && cd /tmp/linux-${LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION} \
+    && make ARCH=x86 headers_install INSTALL_HDR_PATH=/opt/v4l2-headers \
+    && rm -rf /tmp/linux-${LINUX_HEADERS_VERSION} /tmp/linux-headers.tar.xz
+
+ENV V4L2R_VIDEODEV2_H_PATH=/opt/v4l2-headers/include
+
 # Build static libjpeg-turbo from source (needed by libyuv)
 RUN git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/libjpeg-turbo/libjpeg-turbo /tmp/libjpeg-turbo \
     && cd /tmp/libjpeg-turbo \
@@ -208,4 +226,4 @@ RUN rustup target add x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
 # Configure environment for static linking
 ENV PKG_CONFIG_ALLOW_CROSS=1\
     FFMPEG_STATIC=1 \
-    LIBYUV_STATIC=1
+    LIBYUV_STATIC=1

libs/hwcodec/cpp/common/util.cpp

@@ -508,4 +508,4 @@ bool has_flag_could_not_find_ref_with_poc() {
 
 extern "C" void hwcodec_set_flag_could_not_find_ref_with_poc() {
   util_decode::g_flag_could_not_find_ref_with_poc = true;
-}
+}

libs/hwcodec/src/ffmpeg.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/ffmpeg_ffi.rs"));
 
 use serde_derive::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::env;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Eq, PartialEq, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub enum AVHWDeviceType {
@@ -53,7 +54,36 @@ pub extern "C" fn hwcodec_av_log_callback(level: i32, message: *const std::os::r
 pub(crate) fn init_av_log() {
     static INIT: std::sync::Once = std::sync::Once::new();
     INIT.call_once(|| unsafe {
-        av_log_set_level(AV_LOG_ERROR as i32);
+        av_log_set_level(parse_ffmpeg_log_level());
         hwcodec_set_av_log_callback();
     });
 }
+
+fn parse_ffmpeg_log_level() -> i32 {
+    let raw = match env::var("ONE_KVM_FFMPEG_LOG") {
+        Ok(value) => value,
+        Err(_) => return AV_LOG_ERROR as i32,
+    };
+
+    let value = raw.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
+    if value.is_empty() {
+        return AV_LOG_ERROR as i32;
+    }
+
+    if let Ok(level) = value.parse::<i32>() {
+        return level;
+    }
+
+    match value.as_str() {
+        "quiet" => AV_LOG_QUIET as i32,
+        "panic" => AV_LOG_PANIC as i32,
+        "fatal" => AV_LOG_FATAL as i32,
+        "error" => AV_LOG_ERROR as i32,
+        "warn" | "warning" => AV_LOG_WARNING as i32,
+        "info" => AV_LOG_INFO as i32,
+        "verbose" => AV_LOG_VERBOSE as i32,
+        "debug" => AV_LOG_DEBUG as i32,
+        "trace" => AV_LOG_TRACE as i32,
+        _ => AV_LOG_ERROR as i32,
+    }
+}

libs/hwcodec/src/ffmpeg_hw/mod.rs

@@ -31,8 +31,10 @@ unsafe impl Send for HwMjpegH26xPipeline {}
 impl HwMjpegH26xPipeline {
     pub fn new(config: HwMjpegH26xConfig) -> Result<Self, String> {
         unsafe {
-            let dec = CString::new(config.decoder.as_str()).map_err(|_| "decoder name invalid".to_string())?;
+            let dec = CString::new(config.decoder.as_str())
-            let enc = CString::new(config.encoder.as_str()).map_err(|_| "encoder name invalid".to_string())?;
+                .map_err(|_| "decoder name invalid".to_string())?;
+            let enc = CString::new(config.encoder.as_str())
+                .map_err(|_| "encoder name invalid".to_string())?;
             let ctx = ffmpeg_hw_mjpeg_h26x_new(
                 dec.as_ptr(),
                 enc.as_ptr(),

libs/hwcodec/src/ffmpeg_ram/decode.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
     ffmpeg::{init_av_log, AVPixelFormat},
     ffmpeg_ram::{
-        ffmpeg_ram_decode, ffmpeg_ram_free_decoder, ffmpeg_ram_last_error,
+        ffmpeg_ram_decode, ffmpeg_ram_free_decoder, ffmpeg_ram_last_error, ffmpeg_ram_new_decoder,
-        ffmpeg_ram_new_decoder,
     },
 };
 use std::{

libs/hwcodec/src/ffmpeg_ram/encode.rs

@@ -352,6 +352,7 @@ impl Encoder {
                         debug!("Encoder {} created successfully", codec.name);
                         let mut passed = false;
                         let mut last_err: Option<i32> = None;
+                        let is_v4l2m2m = codec.name.contains("v4l2m2m");
 
                         let max_attempts = if codec.name.contains("v4l2m2m") {
                             5

src/atx/controller.rs

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
 
 use super::executor::{timing, AtxKeyExecutor};
 use super::led::LedSensor;
-use super::types::{AtxKeyConfig, AtxLedConfig, AtxState, PowerStatus};
+use super::types::{AtxAction, AtxKeyConfig, AtxLedConfig, AtxState, PowerStatus};
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
 
 /// ATX power control configuration
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct AtxControllerConfig {
     /// Whether ATX is enabled
     pub enabled: bool,
@@ -24,17 +24,6 @@ pub struct AtxControllerConfig {
     pub led: AtxLedConfig,
 }
 
-impl Default for AtxControllerConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            enabled: false,
-            power: AtxKeyConfig::default(),
-            reset: AtxKeyConfig::default(),
-            led: AtxLedConfig::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Internal state holding all ATX components
 /// Grouped together to reduce lock acquisitions
 struct AtxInner {
@@ -54,34 +43,7 @@ pub struct AtxController {
 }
 
 impl AtxController {
-    /// Create a new ATX controller with the specified configuration
+    async fn init_components(inner: &mut AtxInner) {
-    pub fn new(config: AtxControllerConfig) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            inner: RwLock::new(AtxInner {
-                config,
-                power_executor: None,
-                reset_executor: None,
-                led_sensor: None,
-            }),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Create a disabled ATX controller
-    pub fn disabled() -> Self {
-        Self::new(AtxControllerConfig::default())
-    }
-
-    /// Initialize the ATX controller and its executors
-    pub async fn init(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
-
-        if !inner.config.enabled {
-            info!("ATX disabled in configuration");
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-
-        info!("Initializing ATX controller");
-
         // Initialize power executor
         if inner.config.power.is_configured() {
             let mut executor = AtxKeyExecutor::new(inner.config.power.clone());
@@ -123,234 +85,180 @@ impl AtxController {
                 inner.led_sensor = Some(sensor);
             }
         }
-
-        info!("ATX controller initialized successfully");
-        Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Reload the ATX controller with new configuration
+    async fn shutdown_components(inner: &mut AtxInner) {
-    ///
+        if let Some(executor) = inner.power_executor.as_mut() {
-    /// This is called when configuration changes and supports hot-reload.
+            if let Err(e) = executor.shutdown().await {
-    pub async fn reload(&self, new_config: AtxControllerConfig) -> Result<()> {
+                warn!("Failed to shutdown power executor: {}", e);
-        info!("Reloading ATX controller with new configuration");
+            }
+        }
+        inner.power_executor = None;
 
-        // Shutdown existing executors
+        if let Some(executor) = inner.reset_executor.as_mut() {
-        self.shutdown_internal().await?;
+            if let Err(e) = executor.shutdown().await {
+                warn!("Failed to shutdown reset executor: {}", e);
+            }
+        }
+        inner.reset_executor = None;
 
-        // Update configuration and re-initialize
+        if let Some(sensor) = inner.led_sensor.as_mut() {
-        {
+            if let Err(e) = sensor.shutdown().await {
-            let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
+                warn!("Failed to shutdown LED sensor: {}", e);
-            inner.config = new_config;
+            }
+        }
+        inner.led_sensor = None;
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new ATX controller with the specified configuration
+    pub fn new(config: AtxControllerConfig) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: RwLock::new(AtxInner {
+                config,
+                power_executor: None,
+                reset_executor: None,
+                led_sensor: None,
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a disabled ATX controller
+    pub fn disabled() -> Self {
+        Self::new(AtxControllerConfig::default())
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize the ATX controller and its executors
+    pub async fn init(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
+
+        if !inner.config.enabled {
+            info!("ATX disabled in configuration");
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
-        // Re-initialize
+        info!("Initializing ATX controller");
-        self.init().await?;
+
+        Self::init_components(&mut inner).await;
 
-        info!("ATX controller reloaded successfully");
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    /// Get current ATX state (single lock acquisition)
+    /// Reload ATX controller configuration
+    pub async fn reload(&self, config: AtxControllerConfig) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
+
+        info!("Reloading ATX controller configuration");
+
+        // Shutdown existing components first, then rebuild with new config.
+        Self::shutdown_components(&mut inner).await;
+        inner.config = config;
+
+        if !inner.config.enabled {
+            info!("ATX disabled after reload");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        Self::init_components(&mut inner).await;
+        info!("ATX controller reloaded");
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Shutdown ATX controller and release all resources
+    pub async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
+        Self::shutdown_components(&mut inner).await;
+        info!("ATX controller shutdown complete");
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Trigger a power action (short/long/reset)
+    pub async fn trigger_power_action(&self, action: AtxAction) -> Result<()> {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
+
+        match action {
+            AtxAction::Short | AtxAction::Long => {
+                if let Some(executor) = &inner.power_executor {
+                    let duration = match action {
+                        AtxAction::Short => timing::SHORT_PRESS,
+                        AtxAction::Long => timing::LONG_PRESS,
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
+                    };
+                    executor.pulse(duration).await?;
+                } else {
+                    return Err(AppError::Config(
+                        "Power button not configured for ATX controller".to_string(),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+            AtxAction::Reset => {
+                if let Some(executor) = &inner.reset_executor {
+                    executor.pulse(timing::RESET_PRESS).await?;
+                } else {
+                    return Err(AppError::Config(
+                        "Reset button not configured for ATX controller".to_string(),
+                    ));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Trigger a short power button press
+    pub async fn power_short(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.trigger_power_action(AtxAction::Short).await
+    }
+
+    /// Trigger a long power button press
+    pub async fn power_long(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.trigger_power_action(AtxAction::Long).await
+    }
+
+    /// Trigger a reset button press
+    pub async fn reset(&self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.trigger_power_action(AtxAction::Reset).await
+    }
+
+    /// Get the current power status using the LED sensor (if configured)
+    pub async fn power_status(&self) -> PowerStatus {
+        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
+
+        if let Some(sensor) = &inner.led_sensor {
+            match sensor.read().await {
+                Ok(status) => status,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    debug!("Failed to read ATX LED sensor: {}", e);
+                    PowerStatus::Unknown
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            PowerStatus::Unknown
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get a snapshot of the ATX state for API responses
     pub async fn state(&self) -> AtxState {
         let inner = self.inner.read().await;
 
-        let power_status = if let Some(sensor) = inner.led_sensor.as_ref() {
+        let power_status = if let Some(sensor) = &inner.led_sensor {
-            sensor.read().await.unwrap_or(PowerStatus::Unknown)
+            match sensor.read().await {
+                Ok(status) => status,
+                Err(e) => {
+                    debug!("Failed to read ATX LED sensor: {}", e);
+                    PowerStatus::Unknown
+                }
+            }
         } else {
             PowerStatus::Unknown
         };
 
         AtxState {
             available: inner.config.enabled,
-            power_configured: inner
+            power_configured: inner.power_executor.is_some(),
-                .power_executor
+            reset_configured: inner.reset_executor.is_some(),
-                .as_ref()
-                .map(|e| e.is_initialized())
-                .unwrap_or(false),
-            reset_configured: inner
-                .reset_executor
-                .as_ref()
-                .map(|e| e.is_initialized())
-                .unwrap_or(false),
             power_status,
-            led_supported: inner
+            led_supported: inner.led_sensor.is_some(),
-                .led_sensor
-                .as_ref()
-                .map(|s| s.is_initialized())
-                .unwrap_or(false),
         }
     }
-
-    /// Get current state as SystemEvent
-    pub async fn current_state_event(&self) -> crate::events::SystemEvent {
-        let state = self.state().await;
-        crate::events::SystemEvent::AtxStateChanged {
-            power_status: state.power_status,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Check if ATX is available
-    pub async fn is_available(&self) -> bool {
-        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        inner.config.enabled
-    }
-
-    /// Check if power button is configured and initialized
-    pub async fn is_power_ready(&self) -> bool {
-        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        inner
-            .power_executor
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|e| e.is_initialized())
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-    }
-
-    /// Check if reset button is configured and initialized
-    pub async fn is_reset_ready(&self) -> bool {
-        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        inner
-            .reset_executor
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|e| e.is_initialized())
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-    }
-
-    /// Short press power button (turn on or graceful shutdown)
-    pub async fn power_short(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        let executor = inner
-            .power_executor
-            .as_ref()
-            .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Internal("Power button not configured".to_string()))?;
-
-        info!(
-            "ATX: Short press power button ({}ms)",
-            timing::SHORT_PRESS.as_millis()
-        );
-        executor.pulse(timing::SHORT_PRESS).await
-    }
-
-    /// Long press power button (force power off)
-    pub async fn power_long(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        let executor = inner
-            .power_executor
-            .as_ref()
-            .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Internal("Power button not configured".to_string()))?;
-
-        info!(
-            "ATX: Long press power button ({}ms)",
-            timing::LONG_PRESS.as_millis()
-        );
-        executor.pulse(timing::LONG_PRESS).await
-    }
-
-    /// Press reset button
-    pub async fn reset(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        let executor = inner
-            .reset_executor
-            .as_ref()
-            .ok_or_else(|| AppError::Internal("Reset button not configured".to_string()))?;
-
-        info!(
-            "ATX: Press reset button ({}ms)",
-            timing::RESET_PRESS.as_millis()
-        );
-        executor.pulse(timing::RESET_PRESS).await
-    }
-
-    /// Get current power status from LED sensor
-    pub async fn power_status(&self) -> Result<PowerStatus> {
-        let inner = self.inner.read().await;
-        match inner.led_sensor.as_ref() {
-            Some(sensor) => sensor.read().await,
-            None => Ok(PowerStatus::Unknown),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Shutdown the ATX controller
-    pub async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        info!("Shutting down ATX controller");
-        self.shutdown_internal().await?;
-        info!("ATX controller shutdown complete");
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    /// Internal shutdown helper
-    async fn shutdown_internal(&self) -> Result<()> {
-        let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
-
-        // Shutdown power executor
-        if let Some(mut executor) = inner.power_executor.take() {
-            executor.shutdown().await.ok();
-        }
-
-        // Shutdown reset executor
-        if let Some(mut executor) = inner.reset_executor.take() {
-            executor.shutdown().await.ok();
-        }
-
-        // Shutdown LED sensor
-        if let Some(mut sensor) = inner.led_sensor.take() {
-            sensor.shutdown().await.ok();
-        }
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-impl Drop for AtxController {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        debug!("ATX controller dropped");
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_controller_config_default() {
-        let config = AtxControllerConfig::default();
-        assert!(!config.enabled);
-        assert!(!config.power.is_configured());
-        assert!(!config.reset.is_configured());
-        assert!(!config.led.is_configured());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_controller_creation() {
-        let controller = AtxController::disabled();
-        assert!(controller.inner.try_read().is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_controller_disabled_state() {
-        let controller = AtxController::disabled();
-        let state = controller.state().await;
-        assert!(!state.available);
-        assert!(!state.power_configured);
-        assert!(!state.reset_configured);
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_controller_init_disabled() {
-        let controller = AtxController::disabled();
-        let result = controller.init().await;
-        assert!(result.is_ok());
-    }
-
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn test_controller_is_available() {
-        let controller = AtxController::disabled();
-        assert!(!controller.is_available().await);
-
-        let config = AtxControllerConfig {
-            enabled: true,
-            ..Default::default()
-        };
-        let controller = AtxController::new(config);
-        assert!(controller.is_available().await);
-    }
 }

src/atx/mod.rs

@@ -28,12 +28,14 @@
 //!         device: "/dev/gpiochip0".to_string(),
 //!         pin: 5,
 //!         active_level: ActiveLevel::High,
+//!         baud_rate: 9600,
 //!     },
 //!     reset: AtxKeyConfig {
 //!         driver: AtxDriverType::UsbRelay,
 //!         device: "/dev/hidraw0".to_string(),
 //!         pin: 0,
 //!         active_level: ActiveLevel::High,
+//!         baud_rate: 9600,
 //!     },
 //!     led: Default::default(),
 //! };

src/atx/types.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use typeshare::typeshare;
 
 /// Power status
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
 pub enum PowerStatus {
     /// Power is on
@@ -15,18 +15,13 @@ pub enum PowerStatus {
     /// Power is off
     Off,
     /// Power status unknown (no LED connected)
+    #[default]
     Unknown,
 }
 
-impl Default for PowerStatus {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Unknown
-    }
-}
-
 /// Driver type for ATX key operations
 #[typeshare]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
 pub enum AtxDriverType {
     /// GPIO control via Linux character device
@@ -36,32 +31,22 @@ pub enum AtxDriverType {
     /// Serial/COM port relay (taobao LCUS type)
     Serial,
     /// Disabled / Not configured
+    #[default]
     None,
 }
 
-impl Default for AtxDriverType {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::None
-    }
-}
-
 /// Active level for GPIO pins
 #[typeshare]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
 pub enum ActiveLevel {
     /// Active high (default for most cases)
+    #[default]
     High,
     /// Active low (inverted)
     Low,
 }
 
-impl Default for ActiveLevel {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::High
-    }
-}
-
 /// Configuration for a single ATX key (power or reset)
 /// This is the "four-tuple" configuration: (driver, device, pin/channel, level)
 #[typeshare]
@@ -77,6 +62,7 @@ pub struct AtxKeyConfig {
     /// Pin or channel number:
     /// - For GPIO: GPIO pin number
     /// - For USB Relay: relay channel (0-based)
+    /// - For Serial Relay (LCUS): relay channel (1-based)
     pub pin: u32,
     /// Active level (only applicable to GPIO, ignored for USB Relay)
     pub active_level: ActiveLevel,
@@ -105,7 +91,7 @@ impl AtxKeyConfig {
 
 /// LED sensing configuration (optional)
 #[typeshare]
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Default)]
 #[serde(default)]
 pub struct AtxLedConfig {
     /// Whether LED sensing is enabled
@@ -118,17 +104,6 @@ pub struct AtxLedConfig {
     pub inverted: bool,
 }
 
-impl Default for AtxLedConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            enabled: false,
-            gpio_chip: String::new(),
-            gpio_pin: 0,
-            inverted: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl AtxLedConfig {
     /// Check if LED sensing is configured
     pub fn is_configured(&self) -> bool {
@@ -137,7 +112,7 @@ impl AtxLedConfig {
 }
 
 /// ATX state information
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]
 pub struct AtxState {
     /// Whether ATX feature is available/enabled
     pub available: bool,
@@ -151,18 +126,6 @@ pub struct AtxState {
     pub led_supported: bool,
 }
 
-impl Default for AtxState {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            available: false,
-            power_configured: false,
-            reset_configured: false,
-            power_status: PowerStatus::Unknown,
-            led_supported: false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// ATX power action request
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Deserialize)]
 pub struct AtxPowerRequest {
@@ -274,5 +237,6 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(!state.power_configured);
         assert!(!state.reset_configured);
         assert_eq!(state.power_status, PowerStatus::Unknown);
+        assert!(!state.led_supported);
     }
 }

src/atx/wol.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
 /// WOL magic packet structure:
 /// - 6 bytes of 0xFF
 /// - 16 repetitions of the target MAC address (6 bytes each)
-/// Total: 6 + 16 * 6 = 102 bytes
+///   Total: 6 + 16 * 6 = 102 bytes
 const MAGIC_PACKET_SIZE: usize = 102;
 
 /// Parse MAC address string into bytes
@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ mod tests {
         let packet = build_magic_packet(&mac);
 
         // Check header (6 bytes of 0xFF)
-        for i in 0..6 {
+        for byte in packet.iter().take(6) {
-            assert_eq!(packet[i], 0xFF);
+            assert_eq!(*byte, 0xFF);
         }
 
         // Check MAC repetitions

src/audio/capture.rs

@@ -184,14 +184,7 @@ impl AudioCapturer {
         let log_throttler = self.log_throttler.clone();
 
         let handle = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
-            capture_loop(
+            capture_loop(config, state, frame_tx, stop_flag, sequence, log_throttler);
-                config,
-                state,
-                frame_tx,
-                stop_flag,
-                sequence,
-                log_throttler,
-            );
         });
 
         *self.capture_handle.lock().await = Some(handle);

src/audio/controller.rs

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ impl AudioQuality {
     }
 
     /// Parse from string
+    #[allow(clippy::should_implement_trait)]
     pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> Self {
         match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
             "voice" | "low" => AudioQuality::Voice,

src/audio/device.rs

@@ -85,9 +85,7 @@ pub fn enumerate_audio_devices_with_current(
     let mut devices = Vec::new();
 
     // Try to enumerate cards
-    let cards = match alsa::card::Iter::new() {
+    let cards = alsa::card::Iter::new();
-        i => i,
-    };
 
     for card_result in cards {
         let card = match card_result {

src/audio/monitor.rs

@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ use crate::events::{EventBus, SystemEvent};
 use crate::utils::LogThrottler;
 
 /// Audio health status
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
 pub enum AudioHealthStatus {
     /// Device is healthy and operational
+    #[default]
     Healthy,
     /// Device has an error, attempting recovery
     Error {
@@ -33,12 +34,6 @@ pub enum AudioHealthStatus {
     Disconnected,
 }
 
-impl Default for AudioHealthStatus {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Healthy
-    }
-}
-
 /// Audio health monitor configuration
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct AudioMonitorConfig {
@@ -166,7 +161,7 @@ impl AudioHealthMonitor {
         let attempt = self.retry_count.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
 
         // Only publish every 5 attempts to avoid event spam
-        if attempt == 1 || attempt % 5 == 0 {
+        if attempt == 1 || attempt.is_multiple_of(5) {
             debug!("Audio reconnecting, attempt {}", attempt);
 
             if let Some(ref events) = *self.events.read().await {

src/audio/streamer.rs

@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ use super::encoder::{OpusConfig, OpusEncoder, OpusFrame};
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
 
 /// Audio stream state
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum AudioStreamState {
     /// Stream is stopped
+    #[default]
     Stopped,
     /// Stream is starting up
     Starting,
@@ -26,14 +27,8 @@ pub enum AudioStreamState {
     Error,
 }
 
-impl Default for AudioStreamState {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Stopped
-    }
-}
-
 /// Audio streamer configuration
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct AudioStreamerConfig {
     /// Audio capture configuration
     pub capture: AudioConfig,
@@ -41,15 +36,6 @@ pub struct AudioStreamerConfig {
     pub opus: OpusConfig,
 }
 
-impl Default for AudioStreamerConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            capture: AudioConfig::default(),
-            opus: OpusConfig::default(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl AudioStreamerConfig {
     /// Create config for a specific device with default quality
     pub fn for_device(device_name: &str) -> Self {
@@ -290,11 +276,9 @@ impl AudioStreamer {
                     // Encode to Opus
                     let opus_result = {
                         let mut enc_guard = encoder.lock().await;
-                        if let Some(ref mut enc) = *enc_guard {
+                        (*enc_guard)
-                            Some(enc.encode_frame(&audio_frame))
+                            .as_mut()
-                        } else {
+                            .map(|enc| enc.encode_frame(&audio_frame))
-                            None
-                        }
                     };
 
                     match opus_result {

src/auth/middleware.rs

@@ -92,11 +92,7 @@ fn is_public_endpoint(path: &str) -> bool {
     // Note: paths here are relative to /api since middleware is applied within the nested router
     matches!(
         path,
-        "/"
+        "/" | "/auth/login" | "/health" | "/setup" | "/setup/init"
-        | "/auth/login"
-        | "/health"
-        | "/setup"
-        | "/setup/init"
     ) || path.starts_with("/assets/")
         || path.starts_with("/static/")
         || path.ends_with(".js")

src/auth/session.rs

@@ -110,7 +110,9 @@ impl SessionStore {
 
     /// Delete all expired sessions
     pub async fn cleanup_expired(&self) -> Result<u64> {
-        let result = sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sessions WHERE expires_at < datetime('now')")
+        let now = Utc::now().to_rfc3339();
+        let result = sqlx::query("DELETE FROM sessions WHERE expires_at < ?1")
+            .bind(now)
             .execute(&self.pool)
             .await?;
         Ok(result.rows_affected())

src/auth/user.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use super::password::{hash_password, verify_password};
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
 
 /// User row type from database
-type UserRow = (String, String, String, i32, String, String);
+type UserRow = (String, String, String, String, String);
 
 /// User data
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ pub struct User {
     pub username: String,
     #[serde(skip_serializing)]
     pub password_hash: String,
-    pub is_admin: bool,
     pub created_at: DateTime<Utc>,
     pub updated_at: DateTime<Utc>,
 }
@@ -24,12 +23,11 @@ pub struct User {
 impl User {
     /// Convert from database row to User
     fn from_row(row: UserRow) -> Self {
-        let (id, username, password_hash, is_admin, created_at, updated_at) = row;
+        let (id, username, password_hash, created_at, updated_at) = row;
         Self {
             id,
             username,
             password_hash,
-            is_admin: is_admin != 0,
             created_at: DateTime::parse_from_rfc3339(&created_at)
                 .map(|dt| dt.with_timezone(&Utc))
                 .unwrap_or_else(|_| Utc::now()),
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ impl UserStore {
     }
 
     /// Create a new user
-    pub async fn create(&self, username: &str, password: &str, is_admin: bool) -> Result<User> {
+    pub async fn create(&self, username: &str, password: &str) -> Result<User> {
         // Check if username already exists
         if self.get_by_username(username).await?.is_some() {
             return Err(AppError::BadRequest(format!(
@@ -68,21 +66,19 @@ impl UserStore {
             id: Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
             username: username.to_string(),
             password_hash,
-            is_admin,
             created_at: now,
             updated_at: now,
         };
 
         sqlx::query(
             r#"
-            INSERT INTO users (id, username, password_hash, is_admin, created_at, updated_at)
+            INSERT INTO users (id, username, password_hash, created_at, updated_at)
-            VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3, ?4, ?5, ?6)
+            VALUES (?1, ?2, ?3, ?4, ?5)
             "#,
         )
         .bind(&user.id)
         .bind(&user.username)
         .bind(&user.password_hash)
-        .bind(user.is_admin as i32)
         .bind(user.created_at.to_rfc3339())
         .bind(user.updated_at.to_rfc3339())
         .execute(&self.pool)
@@ -94,7 +90,7 @@ impl UserStore {
     /// Get user by ID
     pub async fn get(&self, user_id: &str) -> Result<Option<User>> {
         let row: Option<UserRow> = sqlx::query_as(
-            "SELECT id, username, password_hash, is_admin, created_at, updated_at FROM users WHERE id = ?1",
+            "SELECT id, username, password_hash, created_at, updated_at FROM users WHERE id = ?1",
         )
         .bind(user_id)
         .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
@@ -106,7 +102,7 @@ impl UserStore {
     /// Get user by username
     pub async fn get_by_username(&self, username: &str) -> Result<Option<User>> {
         let row: Option<UserRow> = sqlx::query_as(
-            "SELECT id, username, password_hash, is_admin, created_at, updated_at FROM users WHERE username = ?1",
+            "SELECT id, username, password_hash, created_at, updated_at FROM users WHERE username = ?1",
         )
         .bind(username)
         .fetch_optional(&self.pool)
@@ -161,13 +157,12 @@ impl UserStore {
         }
 
         let now = Utc::now();
-        let result =
+        let result = sqlx::query("UPDATE users SET username = ?1, updated_at = ?2 WHERE id = ?3")
-            sqlx::query("UPDATE users SET username = ?1, updated_at = ?2 WHERE id = ?3")
+            .bind(new_username)
-                .bind(new_username)
+            .bind(now.to_rfc3339())
-                .bind(now.to_rfc3339())
+            .bind(user_id)
-                .bind(user_id)
+            .execute(&self.pool)
-                .execute(&self.pool)
+            .await?;
-                .await?;
 
         if result.rows_affected() == 0 {
             return Err(AppError::NotFound("User not found".to_string()));
@@ -179,7 +174,7 @@ impl UserStore {
     /// List all users
     pub async fn list(&self) -> Result<Vec<User>> {
         let rows: Vec<UserRow> = sqlx::query_as(
-            "SELECT id, username, password_hash, is_admin, created_at, updated_at FROM users ORDER BY created_at",
+            "SELECT id, username, password_hash, created_at, updated_at FROM users ORDER BY created_at",
         )
         .fetch_all(&self.pool)
         .await?;

src/config/schema.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ pub use crate::rustdesk::config::RustDeskConfig;
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(default)]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct AppConfig {
     /// Whether initial setup has been completed
     pub initialized: bool,
@@ -34,24 +35,8 @@ pub struct AppConfig {
     pub extensions: ExtensionsConfig,
     /// RustDesk remote access settings
     pub rustdesk: RustDeskConfig,
-}
+    /// RTSP streaming settings
-
+    pub rtsp: RtspConfig,
-impl Default for AppConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            initialized: false,
-            auth: AuthConfig::default(),
-            video: VideoConfig::default(),
-            hid: HidConfig::default(),
-            msd: MsdConfig::default(),
-            atx: AtxConfig::default(),
-            audio: AudioConfig::default(),
-            stream: StreamConfig::default(),
-            web: WebConfig::default(),
-            extensions: ExtensionsConfig::default(),
-            rustdesk: RustDeskConfig::default(),
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 /// Authentication configuration
@@ -116,21 +101,17 @@ impl Default for VideoConfig {
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum HidBackend {
     /// USB OTG HID gadget
     Otg,
     /// CH9329 serial HID controller
     Ch9329,
     /// Disabled
+    #[default]
     None,
 }
 
-impl Default for HidBackend {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::None
-    }
-}
-
 /// OTG USB device descriptor configuration
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
@@ -163,8 +144,10 @@ impl Default for OtgDescriptorConfig {
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum OtgHidProfile {
     /// Full HID device set (keyboard + relative mouse + absolute mouse + consumer control)
+    #[default]
     Full,
     /// Full HID device set without MSD
     FullNoMsd,
@@ -180,12 +163,6 @@ pub enum OtgHidProfile {
     Custom,
 }
 
-impl Default for OtgHidProfile {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Full
-    }
-}
-
 /// OTG HID function selection (used when profile is Custom)
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
@@ -360,6 +337,7 @@ pub use crate::atx::{ActiveLevel, AtxDriverType, AtxKeyConfig, AtxLedConfig};
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(default)]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct AtxConfig {
     /// Enable ATX functionality
     pub enabled: bool,
@@ -373,18 +351,6 @@ pub struct AtxConfig {
     pub wol_interface: String,
 }
 
-impl Default for AtxConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            enabled: false,
-            power: AtxKeyConfig::default(),
-            reset: AtxKeyConfig::default(),
-            led: AtxLedConfig::default(),
-            wol_interface: String::new(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl AtxConfig {
     /// Convert to AtxControllerConfig for the controller
     pub fn to_controller_config(&self) -> crate::atx::AtxControllerConfig {
@@ -427,16 +393,62 @@ impl Default for AudioConfig {
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum StreamMode {
     /// WebRTC with H264/H265
     WebRTC,
     /// MJPEG over HTTP
+    #[default]
     Mjpeg,
 }
 
-impl Default for StreamMode {
+/// RTSP output codec
+#[typeshare]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub enum RtspCodec {
+    #[default]
+    H264,
+    H265,
+}
+
+/// RTSP configuration
+#[typeshare]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(default)]
+pub struct RtspConfig {
+    /// Enable RTSP output
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    /// Bind IP address
+    pub bind: String,
+    /// RTSP TCP listen port
+    pub port: u16,
+    /// Stream path (without leading slash)
+    pub path: String,
+    /// Allow only one client connection at a time
+    pub allow_one_client: bool,
+    /// Output codec (H264/H265)
+    pub codec: RtspCodec,
+    /// Optional username for authentication
+    pub username: Option<String>,
+    /// Optional password for authentication
+    #[typeshare(skip)]
+    pub password: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl Default for RtspConfig {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Mjpeg
+        Self {
+            enabled: false,
+            bind: "0.0.0.0".to_string(),
+            port: 8554,
+            path: "live".to_string(),
+            allow_one_client: true,
+            codec: RtspCodec::H264,
+            username: None,
+            password: None,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -444,8 +456,10 @@ impl Default for StreamMode {
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum EncoderType {
     /// Auto-detect best encoder
+    #[default]
     Auto,
     /// Software encoder (libx264)
     Software,
@@ -463,12 +477,6 @@ pub enum EncoderType {
     V4l2m2m,
 }
 
-impl Default for EncoderType {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Auto
-    }
-}
-
 impl EncoderType {
     /// Convert to EncoderBackend for registry queries
     pub fn to_backend(&self) -> Option<crate::video::encoder::registry::EncoderBackend> {

src/config/store.rs

@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@ impl ConfigStore {
                 id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
                 username TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
                 password_hash TEXT NOT NULL,
-                is_admin INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
                 created_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now')),
                 updated_at TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT (datetime('now'))
             )
@@ -121,6 +120,26 @@ impl ConfigStore {
         .execute(pool)
         .await?;
 
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS wol_history (
+                mac_address TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+                updated_at INTEGER NOT NULL
+            )
+            "#,
+        )
+        .execute(pool)
+        .await?;
+
+        sqlx::query(
+            r#"
+            CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_wol_history_updated_at
+            ON wol_history(updated_at DESC)
+            "#,
+        )
+        .execute(pool)
+        .await?;
+
         Ok(())
     }
 

src/events/types.rs

@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ pub struct ClientStats {
 /// ```
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(tag = "event", content = "data")]
+#[allow(clippy::large_enum_variant)]
 pub enum SystemEvent {
     // ============================================================================
     // Video Stream Events

src/extensions/manager.rs

@@ -230,13 +230,6 @@ impl ExtensionManager {
                     "-W".to_string(),            // Writable (allow input)
                 ];
 
-                // Add credential if set (still useful for additional security layer)
-                if let Some(ref cred) = c.credential {
-                    if !cred.is_empty() {
-                        args.extend(["-c".to_string(), cred.clone()]);
-                    }
-                }
-
                 // Add shell as last argument
                 args.push(c.shell.clone());
                 Ok(args)

src/extensions/types.rs

@@ -102,9 +102,6 @@ pub struct TtydConfig {
     pub port: u16,
     /// Shell to execute
     pub shell: String,
-    /// Credential in format "user:password" (optional)
-    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
-    pub credential: Option<String>,
 }
 
 impl Default for TtydConfig {
@@ -113,7 +110,6 @@ impl Default for TtydConfig {
             enabled: false,
             port: 7681,
             shell: "/bin/bash".to_string(),
-            credential: None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -149,6 +145,7 @@ impl Default for GostcConfig {
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(default)]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct EasytierConfig {
     /// Enable auto-start
     pub enabled: bool,
@@ -165,18 +162,6 @@ pub struct EasytierConfig {
     pub virtual_ip: Option<String>,
 }
 
-impl Default for EasytierConfig {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            enabled: false,
-            network_name: String::new(),
-            network_secret: String::new(),
-            peer_urls: Vec::new(),
-            virtual_ip: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 /// Combined extensions configuration
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, Default)]

src/hid/backend.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ fn default_ch9329_baud_rate() -> u32 {
 /// HID backend type
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(tag = "type", rename_all = "lowercase")]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum HidBackendType {
     /// USB OTG gadget mode
     Otg,
@@ -26,15 +27,10 @@ pub enum HidBackendType {
         baud_rate: u32,
     },
     /// No HID backend (disabled)
+    #[default]
     None,
 }
 
-impl Default for HidBackendType {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::None
-    }
-}
-
 impl HidBackendType {
     /// Check if OTG backend is available on this system
     pub fn otg_available() -> bool {

src/hid/ch9329.rs

@@ -219,8 +219,10 @@ impl From<u8> for LedStatus {
 /// CH9329 work mode
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[repr(u8)]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum WorkMode {
     /// Mode 0: Standard USB Keyboard + Mouse (default)
+    #[default]
     KeyboardMouse = 0x00,
     /// Mode 1: Standard USB Keyboard only
     KeyboardOnly = 0x01,
@@ -230,17 +232,13 @@ pub enum WorkMode {
     CustomHid = 0x03,
 }
 
-impl Default for WorkMode {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::KeyboardMouse
-    }
-}
-
 /// CH9329 serial communication mode
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[repr(u8)]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum SerialMode {
     /// Mode 0: Protocol transmission mode (default)
+    #[default]
     Protocol = 0x00,
     /// Mode 1: ASCII mode
     Ascii = 0x01,
@@ -248,12 +246,6 @@ pub enum SerialMode {
     Transparent = 0x02,
 }
 
-impl Default for SerialMode {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Protocol
-    }
-}
-
 /// CH9329 configuration parameters
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct Ch9329Config {

src/hid/datachannel.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 //!
 //! Keyboard event (type 0x01):
 //! - Byte 1: Event type (0x00 = down, 0x01 = up)
-//! - Byte 2: Key code (USB HID usage code or JS keyCode)
+//! - Byte 2: Key code (USB HID usage code)
 //! - Byte 3: Modifiers bitmask
 //!   - Bit 0: Left Ctrl
 //!   - Bit 1: Left Shift
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn parse_keyboard_message(data: &[u8]) -> Option<HidChannelEvent> {
         event_type,
         key,
         modifiers,
-        is_usb_hid: false, // WebRTC datachannel sends JS keycodes
+        is_usb_hid: true, // WebRTC/WebSocket HID channel sends USB HID usages
     }))
 }
 
@@ -245,6 +245,7 @@ mod tests {
                 assert_eq!(kb.key, 0x04);
                 assert!(kb.modifiers.left_ctrl);
                 assert!(!kb.modifiers.left_shift);
+                assert!(kb.is_usb_hid);
             }
             _ => panic!("Expected keyboard event"),
         }
@@ -280,7 +281,7 @@ mod tests {
                 right_alt: false,
                 right_meta: false,
             },
-            is_usb_hid: false,
+            is_usb_hid: true,
         };
 
         let encoded = encode_keyboard_event(&event);

src/hid/mod.rs

@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ pub struct HidInfo {
     pub screen_resolution: Option<(u32, u32)>,
 }
 
-use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::sync::RwLock;
 use tracing::{info, warn};
 
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
 use crate::otg::OtgService;
+use std::time::Duration;
 use tokio::sync::mpsc;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use tokio::task::JoinHandle;
-use std::time::Duration;
 
 const HID_EVENT_QUEUE_CAPACITY: usize = 64;
 const HID_EVENT_SEND_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 30;
@@ -203,7 +203,10 @@ impl HidController {
             ));
         }
 
-        if matches!(event.event_type, MouseEventType::Move | MouseEventType::MoveAbs) {
+        if matches!(
+            event.event_type,
+            MouseEventType::Move | MouseEventType::MoveAbs
+        ) {
             // Best-effort: drop/merge move events if queue is full
             self.enqueue_mouse_move(event)
         } else {
@@ -470,13 +473,7 @@ impl HidController {
                     None => break,
                 };
 
-                process_hid_event(
+                process_hid_event(event, &backend, &monitor, &backend_type).await;
-                    event,
-                    &backend,
-                    &monitor,
-                    &backend_type,
-                )
-                .await;
 
                 // After each event, flush latest move if pending
                 if pending_move_flag.swap(false, Ordering::AcqRel) {
@@ -505,9 +502,9 @@ impl HidController {
                 self.pending_move_flag.store(true, Ordering::Release);
                 Ok(())
             }
-            Err(mpsc::error::TrySendError::Closed(_)) => Err(AppError::BadRequest(
+            Err(mpsc::error::TrySendError::Closed(_)) => {
-                "HID event queue closed".to_string(),
+                Err(AppError::BadRequest("HID event queue closed".to_string()))
-            )),
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -517,9 +514,11 @@ impl HidController {
             Err(mpsc::error::TrySendError::Full(ev)) => {
                 // For non-move events, wait briefly to avoid dropping critical input
                 let tx = self.hid_tx.clone();
-                let send_result =
+                let send_result = tokio::time::timeout(
-                    tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_millis(HID_EVENT_SEND_TIMEOUT_MS), tx.send(ev))
+                    Duration::from_millis(HID_EVENT_SEND_TIMEOUT_MS),
-                        .await;
+                    tx.send(ev),
+                )
+                .await;
                 if send_result.is_ok() {
                     Ok(())
                 } else {
@@ -527,9 +526,9 @@ impl HidController {
                     Ok(())
                 }
             }
-            Err(mpsc::error::TrySendError::Closed(_)) => Err(AppError::BadRequest(
+            Err(mpsc::error::TrySendError::Closed(_)) => {
-                "HID event queue closed".to_string(),
+                Err(AppError::BadRequest("HID event queue closed".to_string()))
-            )),
+            }
         }
     }
 }

src/hid/monitor.rs

@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@ use crate::events::{EventBus, SystemEvent};
 use crate::utils::LogThrottler;
 
 /// HID health status
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
 pub enum HidHealthStatus {
     /// Device is healthy and operational
+    #[default]
     Healthy,
     /// Device has an error, attempting recovery
     Error {
@@ -33,12 +34,6 @@ pub enum HidHealthStatus {
     Disconnected,
 }
 
-impl Default for HidHealthStatus {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Healthy
-    }
-}
-
 /// HID health monitor configuration
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct HidMonitorConfig {
@@ -196,7 +191,7 @@ impl HidHealthMonitor {
         let attempt = self.retry_count.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
 
         // Only publish every 5 attempts to avoid event spam
-        if attempt == 1 || attempt % 5 == 0 {
+        if attempt == 1 || attempt.is_multiple_of(5) {
             debug!("HID {} reconnecting, attempt {}", backend, attempt);
 
             if let Some(ref events) = *self.events.read().await {

src/hid/otg.rs

@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ impl OtgBackend {
                 Ok(false)
             }
             Ok(_) => Ok(false),
-            Err(e) => Err(std::io::Error::new(std::io::ErrorKind::Other, e)),
+            Err(e) => Err(std::io::Error::other(e)),
         }
     }
 
@@ -393,21 +393,10 @@ impl OtgBackend {
 
     /// Check if all HID device files exist
     pub fn check_devices_exist(&self) -> bool {
-        self.keyboard_path
+        self.keyboard_path.as_ref().is_none_or(|p| p.exists())
-            .as_ref()
+            && self.mouse_rel_path.as_ref().is_none_or(|p| p.exists())
-            .map_or(true, |p| p.exists())
+            && self.mouse_abs_path.as_ref().is_none_or(|p| p.exists())
-            && self
+            && self.consumer_path.as_ref().is_none_or(|p| p.exists())
-                .mouse_rel_path
-                .as_ref()
-                .map_or(true, |p| p.exists())
-            && self
-                .mouse_abs_path
-                .as_ref()
-                .map_or(true, |p| p.exists())
-            && self
-                .consumer_path
-                .as_ref()
-                .map_or(true, |p| p.exists())
     }
 
     /// Get list of missing device paths
@@ -952,9 +941,7 @@ impl HidBackend for OtgBackend {
     }
 
     fn supports_absolute_mouse(&self) -> bool {
-        self.mouse_abs_path
+        self.mouse_abs_path.as_ref().is_some_and(|p| p.exists())
-            .as_ref()
-            .map_or(false, |p| p.exists())
     }
 
     async fn send_consumer(&self, event: ConsumerEvent) -> Result<()> {

src/lib.rs

@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@ pub mod hid;
 pub mod modules;
 pub mod msd;
 pub mod otg;
+pub mod rtsp;
 pub mod rustdesk;
 pub mod state;
 pub mod stream;
+pub mod update;
 pub mod utils;
 pub mod video;
 pub mod web;

src/main.rs

@@ -19,9 +19,14 @@ use one_kvm::extensions::ExtensionManager;
 use one_kvm::hid::{HidBackendType, HidController};
 use one_kvm::msd::MsdController;
 use one_kvm::otg::{configfs, OtgService};
+use one_kvm::rtsp::RtspService;
 use one_kvm::rustdesk::RustDeskService;
 use one_kvm::state::AppState;
+use one_kvm::update::UpdateService;
 use one_kvm::utils::bind_tcp_listener;
+use one_kvm::video::codec_constraints::{
+    enforce_constraints_with_stream_manager, StreamCodecConstraints,
+};
 use one_kvm::video::format::{PixelFormat, Resolution};
 use one_kvm::video::{Streamer, VideoStreamManager};
 use one_kvm::web;
@@ -158,7 +163,11 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
     }
 
     let bind_ips = resolve_bind_addresses(&config.web)?;
-    let scheme = if config.web.https_enabled { "https" } else { "http" };
+    let scheme = if config.web.https_enabled {
+        "https"
+    } else {
+        "http"
+    };
     let bind_port = if config.web.https_enabled {
         config.web.https_port
     } else {
@@ -530,7 +539,24 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         None
     };
 
+    // Create RTSP service (optional, based on config)
+    let rtsp = if config.rtsp.enabled {
+        tracing::info!(
+            "Initializing RTSP service: rtsp://{}:{}/{}",
+            config.rtsp.bind,
+            config.rtsp.port,
+            config.rtsp.path
+        );
+        let service = RtspService::new(config.rtsp.clone(), stream_manager.clone());
+        Some(Arc::new(service))
+    } else {
+        tracing::info!("RTSP disabled in configuration");
+        None
+    };
+
     // Create application state
+    let update_service = Arc::new(UpdateService::new(data_dir.join("updates")));
+
     let state = AppState::new(
         config_store.clone(),
         session_store,
@@ -542,8 +568,10 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         atx,
         audio,
         rustdesk.clone(),
+        rtsp.clone(),
         extensions.clone(),
         events.clone(),
+        update_service,
         shutdown_tx.clone(),
         data_dir.clone(),
     );
@@ -573,6 +601,30 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
         }
     }
 
+    // Start RTSP service if enabled
+    if let Some(ref service) = rtsp {
+        if let Err(e) = service.start().await {
+            tracing::error!("Failed to start RTSP service: {}", e);
+        } else {
+            tracing::info!("RTSP service started");
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Enforce startup codec constraints (e.g. RTSP/RustDesk locks)
+    {
+        let runtime_config = state.config.get();
+        let constraints = StreamCodecConstraints::from_config(&runtime_config);
+        match enforce_constraints_with_stream_manager(&state.stream_manager, &constraints).await {
+            Ok(result) if result.changed => {
+                if let Some(message) = result.message {
+                    tracing::info!("{}", message);
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(_) => {}
+            Err(e) => tracing::warn!("Failed to enforce startup codec constraints: {}", e),
+        }
+    }
+
     // Start enabled extensions
     {
         let ext_config = config_store.get();
@@ -646,7 +698,7 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
 
             let server = axum_server::from_tcp_rustls(listener, tls_config.clone())?
                 .serve(app.clone().into_make_service());
-            servers.push(async move { server.await });
+            servers.push(server);
         }
 
         tokio::select! {
@@ -712,10 +764,13 @@ fn init_logging(level: LogLevel, verbose_count: u8) {
     let env_filter =
         tracing_subscriber::EnvFilter::try_from_default_env().unwrap_or_else(|_| filter.into());
 
-    tracing_subscriber::registry()
+    if let Err(err) = tracing_subscriber::registry()
         .with(env_filter)
         .with(tracing_subscriber::fmt::layer())
-        .init();
+        .try_init()
+    {
+        eprintln!("failed to initialize tracing: {}", err);
+    }
 }
 
 /// Get the application data directory
@@ -879,6 +934,15 @@ async fn cleanup(state: &Arc<AppState>) {
         }
     }
 
+    // Stop RTSP service
+    if let Some(ref service) = *state.rtsp.read().await {
+        if let Err(e) = service.stop().await {
+            tracing::warn!("Failed to stop RTSP service: {}", e);
+        } else {
+            tracing::info!("RTSP service stopped");
+        }
+    }
+
     // Stop video
     if let Err(e) = state.stream_manager.stop().await {
         tracing::warn!("Failed to stop streamer: {}", e);

src/msd/controller.rs

@@ -52,10 +52,7 @@ impl MsdController {
     /// # Parameters
     /// * `otg_service` - OTG service for gadget management
     /// * `msd_dir` - Base directory for MSD storage
-    pub fn new(
+    pub fn new(otg_service: Arc<OtgService>, msd_dir: impl Into<PathBuf>) -> Self {
-        otg_service: Arc<OtgService>,
-        msd_dir: impl Into<PathBuf>,
-    ) -> Self {
         let msd_dir = msd_dir.into();
         let images_path = msd_dir.join("images");
         let ventoy_dir = msd_dir.join("ventoy");

src/msd/image.rs

@@ -87,8 +87,7 @@ impl ImageManager {
             .ok()
             .and_then(|t| t.duration_since(std::time::UNIX_EPOCH).ok())
             .map(|d| {
-                chrono::DateTime::from_timestamp(d.as_secs() as i64, 0)
+                chrono::DateTime::from_timestamp(d.as_secs() as i64, 0).unwrap_or_else(Utc::now)
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|| Utc::now().into())
             })
             .unwrap_or_else(Utc::now);
 
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@ impl ImageManager {
                 .headers()
                 .get(reqwest::header::CONTENT_DISPOSITION)
                 .and_then(|v| v.to_str().ok())
-                .and_then(|s| extract_filename_from_content_disposition(s));
+                .and_then(extract_filename_from_content_disposition);
 
             if let Some(name) = from_header {
                 sanitize_filename(&name)

src/msd/monitor.rs

@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@ use crate::events::{EventBus, SystemEvent};
 use crate::utils::LogThrottler;
 
 /// MSD health status
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default)]
 pub enum MsdHealthStatus {
     /// Device is healthy and operational
+    #[default]
     Healthy,
     /// Device has an error
     Error {
@@ -28,12 +29,6 @@ pub enum MsdHealthStatus {
     },
 }
 
-impl Default for MsdHealthStatus {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Healthy
-    }
-}
-
 /// MSD health monitor configuration
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct MsdMonitorConfig {

src/msd/types.rs

@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 /// MSD operating mode
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum MsdMode {
     /// No storage connected
+    #[default]
     None,
     /// Image file mounted (ISO/IMG)
     Image,
@@ -16,12 +18,6 @@ pub enum MsdMode {
     Drive,
 }
 
-impl Default for MsdMode {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::None
-    }
-}
-
 /// Image file metadata
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct ImageInfo {

src/msd/ventoy_drive.rs

@@ -328,10 +328,7 @@ impl VentoyDrive {
             let image = match VentoyImage::open(&path) {
                 Ok(img) => img,
                 Err(e) => {
-                    let _ = rt.block_on(tx.send(Err(std::io::Error::new(
+                    let _ = rt.block_on(tx.send(Err(std::io::Error::other(e.to_string()))));
-                        std::io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                        e.to_string(),
-                    ))));
                     return;
                 }
             };
@@ -341,10 +338,7 @@ impl VentoyDrive {
 
             // Stream the file through the writer
             if let Err(e) = image.read_file_to_writer(&file_path_owned, &mut chunk_writer) {
-                let _ = rt.block_on(tx.send(Err(std::io::Error::new(
+                let _ = rt.block_on(tx.send(Err(std::io::Error::other(e.to_string()))));
-                    std::io::ErrorKind::Other,
-                    e.to_string(),
-                ))));
             }
         });
 
@@ -543,17 +537,14 @@ mod tests {
     /// Decompress xz file using system command
     fn decompress_xz(src: &std::path::Path, dst: &std::path::Path) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         let output = Command::new("xz")
-            .args(&["-d", "-k", "-c", src.to_str().unwrap()])
+            .args(["-d", "-k", "-c", src.to_str().unwrap()])
             .output()?;
 
         if !output.status.success() {
-            return Err(std::io::Error::new(
+            return Err(std::io::Error::other(format!(
-                std::io::ErrorKind::Other,
+                "xz decompress failed: {}",
-                format!(
+                String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
-                    "xz decompress failed: {}",
+            )));
-                    String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
-                ),
-            ));
         }
 
         std::fs::write(dst, &output.stdout)?;

src/otg/manager.rs

@@ -422,7 +422,11 @@ impl OtgGadgetManager {
 
             if dest.exists() {
                 if let Err(e) = remove_file(&dest) {
-                    warn!("Failed to remove existing config link {}: {}", dest.display(), e);
+                    warn!(
+                        "Failed to remove existing config link {}: {}",
+                        dest.display(),
+                        e
+                    );
                     continue;
                 }
             }

src/otg/service.rs

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ const FLAG_HID: u8 = 0b01;
 const FLAG_MSD: u8 = 0b10;
 
 /// HID device paths
-#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct HidDevicePaths {
     pub keyboard: Option<PathBuf>,
     pub mouse_relative: Option<PathBuf>,
@@ -43,17 +43,6 @@ pub struct HidDevicePaths {
     pub consumer: Option<PathBuf>,
 }
 
-impl Default for HidDevicePaths {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            keyboard: None,
-            mouse_relative: None,
-            mouse_absolute: None,
-            consumer: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl HidDevicePaths {
     pub fn existing_paths(&self) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
         let mut paths = Vec::new();
@@ -239,12 +228,10 @@ impl OtgService {
         let requested_functions = self.hid_functions.read().await.clone();
         {
             let state = self.state.read().await;
-            if state.hid_enabled {
+            if state.hid_enabled && state.hid_functions.as_ref() == Some(&requested_functions) {
-                if state.hid_functions.as_ref() == Some(&requested_functions) {
+                if let Some(ref paths) = state.hid_paths {
-                    if let Some(ref paths) = state.hid_paths {
+                    info!("HID already enabled, returning existing paths");
-                        info!("HID already enabled, returning existing paths");
+                    return Ok(paths.clone());
-                        return Ok(paths.clone());
-                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -671,7 +658,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_service_creation() {
         let _service = OtgService::new();
         // Just test that creation doesn't panic
-        assert!(!OtgService::is_available() || true); // Depends on environment
+        let _ = OtgService::is_available(); // Depends on environment
     }
 
     #[tokio::test]

src/rtsp/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod service;
+
+pub use service::{RtspService, RtspServiceStatus};

src/rustdesk/bytes_codec.rs

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn decode_header(first_byte: u8, header_bytes: &[u8]) -> (usize, usize) {
     let head_len = ((first_byte & 0x3) + 1) as usize;
 
     let mut n = first_byte as usize;
-    if head_len > 1 && header_bytes.len() >= 1 {
+    if head_len > 1 && !header_bytes.is_empty() {
         n |= (header_bytes[0] as usize) << 8;
     }
     if head_len > 2 && header_bytes.len() >= 2 {

src/rustdesk/config.rs

@@ -202,9 +202,11 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_rendezvous_addr() {
-        let mut config = RustDeskConfig::default();
+        let mut config = RustDeskConfig {
+            rendezvous_server: "example.com".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
 
-        config.rendezvous_server = "example.com".to_string();
         assert_eq!(config.rendezvous_addr(), "example.com:21116");
 
         config.rendezvous_server = "example.com:21116".to_string();
@@ -217,10 +219,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_relay_addr() {
-        let mut config = RustDeskConfig::default();
+        let mut config = RustDeskConfig {
+            rendezvous_server: "example.com".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
 
         // Rendezvous server configured, relay defaults to same host
-        config.rendezvous_server = "example.com".to_string();
         assert_eq!(config.relay_addr(), Some("example.com:21117".to_string()));
 
         // Explicit relay server
@@ -238,10 +242,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_effective_rendezvous_server() {
-        let mut config = RustDeskConfig::default();
+        let mut config = RustDeskConfig {
+            rendezvous_server: "custom.example.com".to_string(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
 
         // When user sets a server, use it
-        config.rendezvous_server = "custom.example.com".to_string();
         assert_eq!(config.effective_rendezvous_server(), "custom.example.com");
 
         // When empty, returns empty

src/rustdesk/connection.rs

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
 
 use crate::audio::AudioController;
 use crate::hid::{HidController, KeyEventType, KeyboardEvent, KeyboardModifiers};
+use crate::video::codec_constraints::{
+    encoder_codec_to_id, encoder_codec_to_video_codec, video_codec_to_encoder_codec,
+};
 use crate::video::encoder::registry::{EncoderRegistry, VideoEncoderType};
 use crate::video::encoder::BitratePreset;
 use crate::video::stream_manager::VideoStreamManager;
@@ -627,7 +630,7 @@ impl Connection {
 
         // Select the best available video codec
         // Priority: H264 > H265 > VP8 > VP9 (H264/H265 leverage hardware encoding)
-        let negotiated = self.negotiate_video_codec();
+        let negotiated = self.negotiate_video_codec().await;
         self.negotiated_codec = Some(negotiated);
         info!("Negotiated video codec: {:?}", negotiated);
 
@@ -641,28 +644,51 @@ impl Connection {
 
     /// Negotiate video codec - select the best available encoder
     /// Priority: H264 > H265 > VP8 > VP9 (H264/H265 leverage hardware encoding on embedded devices)
-    fn negotiate_video_codec(&self) -> VideoEncoderType {
+    async fn negotiate_video_codec(&self) -> VideoEncoderType {
         let registry = EncoderRegistry::global();
+        let constraints = self.current_codec_constraints().await;
 
         // Check availability in priority order
         // H264 is preferred because it has the best hardware encoder support (RKMPP, VAAPI, etc.)
         // and most RustDesk clients support H264 hardware decoding
-        if registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::H264, false) {
+        if constraints.is_webrtc_codec_allowed(crate::video::encoder::VideoCodecType::H264)
+            && registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::H264, false)
+        {
             return VideoEncoderType::H264;
         }
-        if registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::H265, false) {
+        if constraints.is_webrtc_codec_allowed(crate::video::encoder::VideoCodecType::H265)
+            && registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::H265, false)
+        {
             return VideoEncoderType::H265;
         }
-        if registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::VP8, false) {
+        if constraints.is_webrtc_codec_allowed(crate::video::encoder::VideoCodecType::VP8)
+            && registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::VP8, false)
+        {
             return VideoEncoderType::VP8;
         }
-        if registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::VP9, false) {
+        if constraints.is_webrtc_codec_allowed(crate::video::encoder::VideoCodecType::VP9)
+            && registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::VP9, false)
+        {
             return VideoEncoderType::VP9;
         }
 
-        // Fallback to H264 (should be available via hardware or software encoder)
+        // Fallback to preferred allowed codec
-        warn!("No video encoder available, defaulting to H264");
+        let preferred = constraints.preferred_webrtc_codec();
-        VideoEncoderType::H264
+        warn!(
+            "No allowed encoder available in priority order, falling back to {}",
+            encoder_codec_to_id(video_codec_to_encoder_codec(preferred))
+        );
+        video_codec_to_encoder_codec(preferred)
+    }
+
+    async fn current_codec_constraints(
+        &self,
+    ) -> crate::video::codec_constraints::StreamCodecConstraints {
+        if let Some(ref video_manager) = self.video_manager {
+            video_manager.codec_constraints().await
+        } else {
+            crate::video::codec_constraints::StreamCodecConstraints::unrestricted()
+        }
     }
 
     /// Handle misc message with Arc writer
@@ -729,7 +755,7 @@ impl Connection {
         }
 
         // Check if client sent supported_decoding with a codec preference
-        if let Some(ref supported_decoding) = opt.supported_decoding.as_ref() {
+        if let Some(supported_decoding) = opt.supported_decoding.as_ref() {
             let prefer = supported_decoding.prefer.value();
             debug!("Client codec preference: prefer={}", prefer);
 
@@ -747,6 +773,16 @@ impl Connection {
             if let Some(new_codec) = requested_codec {
                 // Check if this codec is different from current and available
                 if self.negotiated_codec != Some(new_codec) {
+                    let constraints = self.current_codec_constraints().await;
+                    if !constraints.is_webrtc_codec_allowed(encoder_codec_to_video_codec(new_codec))
+                    {
+                        warn!(
+                            "Client requested codec {:?} but it's blocked by constraints: {}",
+                            new_codec, constraints.reason
+                        );
+                        return Ok(());
+                    }
+
                     let registry = EncoderRegistry::global();
                     if registry.is_format_available(new_codec, false) {
                         info!(
@@ -1080,12 +1116,21 @@ impl Connection {
         if success {
             // Dynamically detect available encoders
             let registry = EncoderRegistry::global();
+            let constraints = self.current_codec_constraints().await;
 
             // Check which encoders are available (include software fallback)
-            let h264_available = registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::H264, false);
+            let h264_available = constraints
-            let h265_available = registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::H265, false);
+                .is_webrtc_codec_allowed(crate::video::encoder::VideoCodecType::H264)
-            let vp8_available = registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::VP8, false);
+                && registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::H264, false);
-            let vp9_available = registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::VP9, false);
+            let h265_available = constraints
+                .is_webrtc_codec_allowed(crate::video::encoder::VideoCodecType::H265)
+                && registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::H265, false);
+            let vp8_available = constraints
+                .is_webrtc_codec_allowed(crate::video::encoder::VideoCodecType::VP8)
+                && registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::VP8, false);
+            let vp9_available = constraints
+                .is_webrtc_codec_allowed(crate::video::encoder::VideoCodecType::VP9)
+                && registry.is_format_available(VideoEncoderType::VP9, false);
 
             info!(
                 "Server encoding capabilities: H264={}, H265={}, VP8={}, VP9={}",
@@ -1352,8 +1397,12 @@ impl Connection {
         debug!("Mouse event: x={}, y={}, mask={}", me.x, me.y, me.mask);
 
         // Convert RustDesk mouse event to One-KVM mouse events
-        let mouse_events =
+        let mouse_events = convert_mouse_event(
-            convert_mouse_event(me, self.screen_width, self.screen_height, self.relative_mouse_active);
+            me,
+            self.screen_width,
+            self.screen_height,
+            self.relative_mouse_active,
+        );
 
         // Send to HID controller if available
         if let Some(ref hid) = self.hid {
@@ -1616,7 +1665,10 @@ async fn run_video_streaming(
             );
         }
         if let Err(e) = video_manager.request_keyframe().await {
-            debug!("Failed to request keyframe for connection {}: {}", conn_id, e);
+            debug!(
+                "Failed to request keyframe for connection {}: {}",
+                conn_id, e
+            );
         }
 
         // Inner loop: receives frames from current subscription

src/rustdesk/crypto.rs

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ pub fn hash_password_double(password: &str, salt: &str, challenge: &str) -> Vec<
 
     // Second hash: SHA256(first_hash + challenge)
     let mut hasher2 = Sha256::new();
-    hasher2.update(&first_hash);
+    hasher2.update(first_hash);
     hasher2.update(challenge.as_bytes());
     hasher2.finalize().to_vec()
 }

src/rustdesk/frame_adapters.rs

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ impl VideoFrameAdapter {
 
         // Inject cached SPS/PPS before IDR when missing
         if is_keyframe && (!has_sps || !has_pps) {
-            if let (Some(ref sps), Some(ref pps)) = (self.h264_sps.as_ref(), self.h264_pps.as_ref()) {
+            if let (Some(sps), Some(pps)) = (self.h264_sps.as_ref(), self.h264_pps.as_ref()) {
                 let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(8 + sps.len() + pps.len() + data.len());
                 out.extend_from_slice(&[0, 0, 0, 1]);
                 out.extend_from_slice(sps);

src/rustdesk/mod.rs

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
 
 use crate::audio::AudioController;
 use crate::hid::HidController;
-use crate::video::stream_manager::VideoStreamManager;
 use crate::utils::bind_tcp_listener;
+use crate::video::stream_manager::VideoStreamManager;
 
 use self::config::RustDeskConfig;
 use self::connection::ConnectionManager;
@@ -559,6 +559,7 @@ impl RustDeskService {
 /// 2. Send RelayResponse with client's socket_addr
 /// 3. Connect to RELAY server
 /// 4. Accept connection without waiting for response
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 async fn handle_relay_request(
     rendezvous_addr: &str,
     relay_server: &str,

src/rustdesk/rendezvous.rs

@@ -536,6 +536,10 @@ impl RendezvousMediator {
                 }
             }
             Some(rendezvous_message::Union::PunchHole(ph)) => {
+                let config = self.config.read().clone();
+                let effective_relay_server =
+                    select_relay_server(config.relay_server.as_deref(), &ph.relay_server);
+
                 // Decode the peer's socket address
                 let peer_addr = if !ph.socket_addr.is_empty() {
                     AddrMangle::decode(&ph.socket_addr)
@@ -544,8 +548,12 @@ impl RendezvousMediator {
                 };
 
                 info!(
-                    "Received PunchHole request: peer_addr={:?}, socket_addr_len={}, relay_server={}, nat_type={:?}",
+                    "Received PunchHole request: peer_addr={:?}, socket_addr_len={}, relay_server={}, effective_relay_server={}, nat_type={:?}",
-                    peer_addr, ph.socket_addr.len(), ph.relay_server, ph.nat_type
+                    peer_addr,
+                    ph.socket_addr.len(),
+                    ph.relay_server,
+                    effective_relay_server.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+                    ph.nat_type
                 );
 
                 // Send PunchHoleSent to acknowledge
@@ -555,13 +563,19 @@ impl RendezvousMediator {
 
                 info!(
                     "Sending PunchHoleSent: id={}, peer_addr={:?}, relay_server={}",
-                    id, peer_addr, ph.relay_server
+                    id,
+                    peer_addr,
+                    effective_relay_server
+                        .as_deref()
+                        .unwrap_or(ph.relay_server.as_str())
                 );
 
                 let msg = make_punch_hole_sent(
-                    &ph.socket_addr.to_vec(), // Use peer's socket_addr, not ours
+                    &ph.socket_addr, // Use peer's socket_addr, not ours
                     &id,
-                    &ph.relay_server,
+                    effective_relay_server
+                        .as_deref()
+                        .unwrap_or(ph.relay_server.as_str()),
                     ph.nat_type.enum_value().unwrap_or(NatType::UNKNOWN_NAT),
                     env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
                 );
@@ -573,16 +587,10 @@ impl RendezvousMediator {
                 }
 
                 // Try P2P direct connection first, fall back to relay if needed
-                if !ph.relay_server.is_empty() {
+                if let Some(relay_server) = effective_relay_server {
-                    let relay_server = if ph.relay_server.contains(':') {
-                        ph.relay_server.clone()
-                    } else {
-                        format!("{}:21117", ph.relay_server)
-                    };
                     // Generate a standard UUID v4 for relay pairing
                     // This must match the format used by RustDesk client
                     let uuid = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
-                    let config = self.config.read().clone();
                     let rendezvous_addr = config.rendezvous_addr();
                     let device_id = config.device_id.clone();
 
@@ -606,41 +614,56 @@ impl RendezvousMediator {
                             device_id,
                         );
                     }
+                } else {
+                    debug!("No relay server available for PunchHole, skipping relay fallback");
                 }
             }
             Some(rendezvous_message::Union::RequestRelay(rr)) => {
+                let config = self.config.read().clone();
+                let effective_relay_server =
+                    select_relay_server(config.relay_server.as_deref(), &rr.relay_server);
+
                 info!(
-                    "Received RequestRelay: relay_server={}, uuid={}, secure={}",
+                    "Received RequestRelay: relay_server={}, effective_relay_server={}, uuid={}, secure={}",
-                    rr.relay_server, rr.uuid, rr.secure
+                    rr.relay_server,
+                    effective_relay_server.as_deref().unwrap_or(""),
+                    rr.uuid,
+                    rr.secure
                 );
                 // Call the relay callback to handle the connection
                 if let Some(callback) = self.relay_callback.read().as_ref() {
-                    let relay_server = if rr.relay_server.contains(':') {
+                    if let Some(relay_server) = effective_relay_server {
-                        rr.relay_server.clone()
+                        let rendezvous_addr = config.rendezvous_addr();
+                        let device_id = config.device_id.clone();
+                        callback(
+                            rendezvous_addr,
+                            relay_server,
+                            rr.uuid.clone(),
+                            rr.socket_addr.to_vec(),
+                            device_id,
+                        );
                     } else {
-                        format!("{}:21117", rr.relay_server)
+                        debug!("No relay server available for RequestRelay callback");
-                    };
+                    }
-                    let config = self.config.read().clone();
-                    let rendezvous_addr = config.rendezvous_addr();
-                    let device_id = config.device_id.clone();
-                    callback(
-                        rendezvous_addr,
-                        relay_server,
-                        rr.uuid.clone(),
-                        rr.socket_addr.to_vec(),
-                        device_id,
-                    );
                 }
             }
             Some(rendezvous_message::Union::FetchLocalAddr(fla)) => {
+                let config = self.config.read().clone();
+                let effective_relay_server =
+                    select_relay_server(config.relay_server.as_deref(), &fla.relay_server)
+                        .unwrap_or_default();
+
                 // Decode the peer address for logging
                 let peer_addr = AddrMangle::decode(&fla.socket_addr);
                 info!(
-                    "Received FetchLocalAddr request: peer_addr={:?}, socket_addr_len={}, relay_server={}",
+                    "Received FetchLocalAddr request: peer_addr={:?}, socket_addr_len={}, relay_server={}, effective_relay_server={}",
-                    peer_addr, fla.socket_addr.len(), fla.relay_server
+                    peer_addr,
+                    fla.socket_addr.len(),
+                    fla.relay_server,
+                    effective_relay_server
                 );
                 // Respond with our local address for same-LAN direct connection
-                self.send_local_addr(socket, &fla.socket_addr, &fla.relay_server)
+                self.send_local_addr(socket, &fla.socket_addr, &effective_relay_server)
                     .await?;
             }
             Some(rendezvous_message::Union::ConfigureUpdate(cu)) => {
@@ -692,6 +715,25 @@ impl RendezvousMediator {
 /// This encoding mangles the address to avoid detection.
 pub struct AddrMangle;
 
+fn normalize_relay_server(server: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let trimmed = server.trim();
+    if trimmed.is_empty() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    if trimmed.contains(':') {
+        Some(trimmed.to_string())
+    } else {
+        Some(format!("{}:21117", trimmed))
+    }
+}
+
+fn select_relay_server(local_relay: Option<&str>, server_relay: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    local_relay
+        .and_then(normalize_relay_server)
+        .or_else(|| normalize_relay_server(server_relay))
+}
+
 impl AddrMangle {
     /// Encode a SocketAddr to bytes using RustDesk's mangle algorithm
     pub fn encode(addr: SocketAddr) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -876,3 +918,47 @@ fn get_local_addresses() -> Vec<std::net::IpAddr> {
 
     addrs
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::{normalize_relay_server, select_relay_server};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_normalize_relay_server() {
+        assert_eq!(normalize_relay_server(""), None);
+        assert_eq!(normalize_relay_server("   "), None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_relay_server("relay.example.com"),
+            Some("relay.example.com:21117".to_string())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            normalize_relay_server("relay.example.com:22117"),
+            Some("relay.example.com:22117".to_string())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_select_relay_server_prefers_local() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            select_relay_server(Some("local.example.com:21117"), "server.example.com:21117"),
+            Some("local.example.com:21117".to_string())
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            select_relay_server(Some("local.example.com"), "server.example.com:21117"),
+            Some("local.example.com:21117".to_string())
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            select_relay_server(Some("   "), "server.example.com"),
+            Some("server.example.com:21117".to_string())
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            select_relay_server(None, "server.example.com:21117"),
+            Some("server.example.com:21117".to_string())
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(select_relay_server(None, ""), None);
+    }
+}

src/state.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ use crate::extensions::ExtensionManager;
 use crate::hid::HidController;
 use crate::msd::MsdController;
 use crate::otg::OtgService;
+use crate::rtsp::RtspService;
 use crate::rustdesk::RustDeskService;
+use crate::update::UpdateService;
 use crate::video::VideoStreamManager;
 
 /// Application-wide state shared across handlers
@@ -50,10 +52,14 @@ pub struct AppState {
     pub audio: Arc<AudioController>,
     /// RustDesk remote access service (optional)
     pub rustdesk: Arc<RwLock<Option<Arc<RustDeskService>>>>,
+    /// RTSP streaming service (optional)
+    pub rtsp: Arc<RwLock<Option<Arc<RtspService>>>>,
     /// Extension manager (ttyd, gostc, easytier)
     pub extensions: Arc<ExtensionManager>,
     /// Event bus for real-time notifications
     pub events: Arc<EventBus>,
+    /// Online update service
+    pub update: Arc<UpdateService>,
     /// Shutdown signal sender
     pub shutdown_tx: broadcast::Sender<()>,
     /// Recently revoked session IDs (for client kick detection)
@@ -64,6 +70,7 @@ pub struct AppState {
 
 impl AppState {
     /// Create new application state
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub fn new(
         config: ConfigStore,
         sessions: SessionStore,
@@ -75,8 +82,10 @@ impl AppState {
         atx: Option<AtxController>,
         audio: Arc<AudioController>,
         rustdesk: Option<Arc<RustDeskService>>,
+        rtsp: Option<Arc<RtspService>>,
         extensions: Arc<ExtensionManager>,
         events: Arc<EventBus>,
+        update: Arc<UpdateService>,
         shutdown_tx: broadcast::Sender<()>,
         data_dir: std::path::PathBuf,
     ) -> Arc<Self> {
@@ -91,8 +100,10 @@ impl AppState {
             atx: Arc::new(RwLock::new(atx)),
             audio,
             rustdesk: Arc::new(RwLock::new(rustdesk)),
+            rtsp: Arc::new(RwLock::new(rtsp)),
             extensions,
             events,
+            update,
             shutdown_tx,
             revoked_sessions: Arc::new(RwLock::new(VecDeque::new())),
             data_dir,

src/stream/mjpeg_streamer.rs

@@ -15,18 +15,16 @@
 //!
 //! Note: Audio WebSocket is handled separately by audio_ws.rs (/api/ws/audio)
 
+use crate::utils::LogThrottler;
+use crate::video::v4l2r_capture::V4l2rCaptureStream;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
 use tokio::sync::{Mutex, RwLock};
 use tracing::{error, info, warn};
-use v4l::buffer::Type as BufferType;
-use v4l::io::traits::CaptureStream;
-use v4l::prelude::*;
-use v4l::video::Capture;
-use v4l::video::capture::Parameters;
-use v4l::Format;
 
 use crate::audio::AudioController;
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
@@ -491,8 +489,7 @@ impl MjpegStreamer {
             }
         };
 
-        let mut device_opt: Option<Device> = None;
+        let mut stream_opt: Option<V4l2rCaptureStream> = None;
-        let mut format_opt: Option<Format> = None;
         let mut last_error: Option<String> = None;
 
         for attempt in 0..MAX_RETRIES {
@@ -501,8 +498,18 @@ impl MjpegStreamer {
                 return;
             }
 
-            let device = match Device::with_path(&device_path) {
+            match V4l2rCaptureStream::open(
-                Ok(d) => d,
+                &device_path,
+                config.resolution,
+                config.format,
+                config.fps,
+                4,
+                Duration::from_secs(2),
+            ) {
+                Ok(stream) => {
+                    stream_opt = Some(stream);
+                    break;
+                }
                 Err(e) => {
                     let err_str = e.to_string();
                     if err_str.contains("busy") || err_str.contains("resource") {
@@ -519,42 +526,12 @@ impl MjpegStreamer {
                     last_error = Some(err_str);
                     break;
                 }
-            };
-
-            let requested = Format::new(
-                config.resolution.width,
-                config.resolution.height,
-                config.format.to_fourcc(),
-            );
-
-            match device.set_format(&requested) {
-                Ok(actual) => {
-                    device_opt = Some(device);
-                    format_opt = Some(actual);
-                    break;
-                }
-                Err(e) => {
-                    let err_str = e.to_string();
-                    if err_str.contains("busy") || err_str.contains("resource") {
-                        warn!(
-                            "Device busy on set_format attempt {}/{}, retrying in {}ms...",
-                            attempt + 1,
-                            MAX_RETRIES,
-                            RETRY_DELAY_MS
-                        );
-                        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(RETRY_DELAY_MS));
-                        last_error = Some(err_str);
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    last_error = Some(err_str);
-                    break;
-                }
             }
         }
 
-        let (device, actual_format) = match (device_opt, format_opt) {
+        let mut stream = match stream_opt {
-            (Some(d), Some(f)) => (d, f),
+            Some(stream) => stream,
-            _ => {
+            None => {
                 error!(
                     "Failed to open device {:?}: {}",
                     device_path,
@@ -567,40 +544,36 @@ impl MjpegStreamer {
             }
         };
 
+        let resolution = stream.resolution();
+        let pixel_format = stream.format();
+        let stride = stream.stride();
+
         info!(
             "Capture format: {}x{} {:?} stride={}",
-            actual_format.width, actual_format.height, actual_format.fourcc, actual_format.stride
+            resolution.width, resolution.height, pixel_format, stride
         );
 
-        let resolution = Resolution::new(actual_format.width, actual_format.height);
-        let pixel_format =
-            PixelFormat::from_fourcc(actual_format.fourcc).unwrap_or(config.format);
-
-        if config.fps > 0 {
-            if let Err(e) = device.set_params(&Parameters::with_fps(config.fps)) {
-                warn!("Failed to set hardware FPS: {}", e);
-            }
-        }
-
-        let mut stream = match MmapStream::with_buffers(&device, BufferType::VideoCapture, 4) {
-            Ok(s) => s,
-            Err(e) => {
-                error!("Failed to create capture stream: {}", e);
-                set_state(MjpegStreamerState::Error);
-                self.mjpeg_handler.set_offline();
-                self.direct_active.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
-                return;
-            }
-        };
-
         let buffer_pool = Arc::new(FrameBufferPool::new(8));
         let mut signal_present = true;
-        let mut sequence: u64 = 0;
         let mut validate_counter: u64 = 0;
+        let capture_error_throttler = LogThrottler::with_secs(5);
+        let mut suppressed_capture_errors: HashMap<String, u64> = HashMap::new();
+
+        let classify_capture_error = |err: &std::io::Error| -> String {
+            let message = err.to_string();
+            if message.contains("dqbuf failed") && message.contains("EINVAL") {
+                "capture_dqbuf_einval".to_string()
+            } else if message.contains("dqbuf failed") {
+                "capture_dqbuf".to_string()
+            } else {
+                format!("capture_{:?}", err.kind())
+            }
+        };
 
         while !self.direct_stop.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
-            let (buf, meta) = match stream.next() {
+            let mut owned = buffer_pool.take(MIN_CAPTURE_FRAME_SIZE);
-                Ok(frame_data) => frame_data,
+            let meta = match stream.next_into(&mut owned) {
+                Ok(meta) => meta,
                 Err(e) => {
                     if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::TimedOut {
                         if signal_present {
@@ -628,35 +601,43 @@ impl MjpegStreamer {
                         return;
                     }
 
-                    error!("Capture error: {}", e);
+                    let key = classify_capture_error(&e);
+                    if capture_error_throttler.should_log(&key) {
+                        let suppressed = suppressed_capture_errors.remove(&key).unwrap_or(0);
+                        if suppressed > 0 {
+                            error!("Capture error: {} (suppressed {} repeats)", e, suppressed);
+                        } else {
+                            error!("Capture error: {}", e);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        let counter = suppressed_capture_errors.entry(key).or_insert(0);
+                        *counter = counter.saturating_add(1);
+                    }
                     continue;
                 }
             };
 
-            let frame_size = meta.bytesused as usize;
+            let frame_size = meta.bytes_used;
             if frame_size < MIN_CAPTURE_FRAME_SIZE {
                 continue;
             }
 
             validate_counter = validate_counter.wrapping_add(1);
             if pixel_format.is_compressed()
-                && validate_counter % JPEG_VALIDATE_INTERVAL == 0
+                && validate_counter.is_multiple_of(JPEG_VALIDATE_INTERVAL)
-                && !VideoFrame::is_valid_jpeg_bytes(&buf[..frame_size])
+                && !VideoFrame::is_valid_jpeg_bytes(&owned[..frame_size])
             {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            let mut owned = buffer_pool.take(frame_size);
+            owned.truncate(frame_size);
-            owned.resize(frame_size, 0);
-            owned[..frame_size].copy_from_slice(&buf[..frame_size]);
             let frame = VideoFrame::from_pooled(
                 Arc::new(FrameBuffer::new(owned, Some(buffer_pool.clone()))),
                 resolution,
                 pixel_format,
-                actual_format.stride,
+                stride,
-                sequence,
+                meta.sequence,
             );
-            sequence = sequence.wrapping_add(1);
 
             if !signal_present {
                 signal_present = true;

src/update/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,606 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use futures::StreamExt;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+use tokio::sync::{broadcast, RwLock, Semaphore};
+
+use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
+
+const DEFAULT_UPDATE_BASE_URL: &str = "https://update.one-kvm.cn";
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum UpdateChannel {
+    Stable,
+    Beta,
+}
+
+impl Default for UpdateChannel {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::Stable
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ChannelsManifest {
+    pub stable: String,
+    pub beta: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ReleasesManifest {
+    pub releases: Vec<ReleaseInfo>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ReleaseInfo {
+    pub version: String,
+    pub channel: UpdateChannel,
+    pub published_at: String,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub notes: Vec<String>,
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub artifacts: HashMap<String, ArtifactInfo>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ArtifactInfo {
+    pub url: String,
+    pub sha256: String,
+    pub size: u64,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct ReleaseNotesItem {
+    pub version: String,
+    pub published_at: String,
+    pub notes: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct UpdateOverviewResponse {
+    pub success: bool,
+    pub current_version: String,
+    pub channel: UpdateChannel,
+    pub latest_version: String,
+    pub upgrade_available: bool,
+    pub target_version: Option<String>,
+    pub notes_between: Vec<ReleaseNotesItem>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct UpgradeRequest {
+    pub channel: Option<UpdateChannel>,
+    pub target_version: Option<String>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum UpdatePhase {
+    Idle,
+    Checking,
+    Downloading,
+    Verifying,
+    Installing,
+    Restarting,
+    Success,
+    Failed,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct UpdateStatusResponse {
+    pub success: bool,
+    pub phase: UpdatePhase,
+    pub progress: u8,
+    pub current_version: String,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub target_version: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub message: Option<String>,
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub last_error: Option<String>,
+}
+
+pub struct UpdateService {
+    client: reqwest::Client,
+    base_url: String,
+    work_dir: PathBuf,
+    status: RwLock<UpdateStatusResponse>,
+    upgrade_permit: Arc<Semaphore>,
+}
+
+impl UpdateService {
+    pub fn new(work_dir: PathBuf) -> Self {
+        let base_url = std::env::var("ONE_KVM_UPDATE_BASE_URL")
+            .ok()
+            .filter(|url| !url.trim().is_empty())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_UPDATE_BASE_URL.to_string());
+
+        Self {
+            client: reqwest::Client::new(),
+            base_url,
+            work_dir,
+            status: RwLock::new(UpdateStatusResponse {
+                success: true,
+                phase: UpdatePhase::Idle,
+                progress: 0,
+                current_version: env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string(),
+                target_version: None,
+                message: None,
+                last_error: None,
+            }),
+            upgrade_permit: Arc::new(Semaphore::new(1)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub async fn status(&self) -> UpdateStatusResponse {
+        self.status.read().await.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub async fn overview(&self, channel: UpdateChannel) -> Result<UpdateOverviewResponse> {
+        let channels: ChannelsManifest = self.fetch_json("/v1/channels.json").await?;
+        let releases: ReleasesManifest = self.fetch_json("/v1/releases.json").await?;
+
+        let current_version = parse_version(env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))?;
+        let latest_version_str = match channel {
+            UpdateChannel::Stable => channels.stable,
+            UpdateChannel::Beta => channels.beta,
+        };
+        let latest_version = parse_version(&latest_version_str)?;
+        let current_parts = parse_version_parts(&current_version)?;
+        let latest_parts = parse_version_parts(&latest_version)?;
+
+        let mut notes_between = Vec::new();
+        for release in &releases.releases {
+            if release.channel != channel {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let version = match parse_version(&release.version) {
+                Ok(v) => v,
+                Err(_) => continue,
+            };
+            let version_parts = match parse_version_parts(&version) {
+                Ok(parts) => parts,
+                Err(_) => continue,
+            };
+            if compare_version_parts(&version_parts, &current_parts) == std::cmp::Ordering::Greater
+                && compare_version_parts(&version_parts, &latest_parts)
+                    != std::cmp::Ordering::Greater
+            {
+                notes_between.push((
+                    version_parts,
+                    ReleaseNotesItem {
+                        version: release.version.clone(),
+                        published_at: release.published_at.clone(),
+                        notes: release.notes.clone(),
+                    },
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
+        notes_between.sort_by(|a, b| compare_version_parts(&a.0, &b.0));
+        let notes_between = notes_between.into_iter().map(|(_, item)| item).collect();
+
+        let upgrade_available =
+            compare_versions(&latest_version, &current_version)? == std::cmp::Ordering::Greater;
+
+        Ok(UpdateOverviewResponse {
+            success: true,
+            current_version: current_version.to_string(),
+            channel,
+            latest_version: latest_version.clone(),
+            upgrade_available,
+            target_version: if upgrade_available {
+                Some(latest_version)
+            } else {
+                None
+            },
+            notes_between,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn start_upgrade(
+        self: &Arc<Self>,
+        req: UpgradeRequest,
+        shutdown_tx: broadcast::Sender<()>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        if req.channel.is_none() == req.target_version.is_none() {
+            return Err(AppError::BadRequest(
+                "Provide exactly one of channel or target_version".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let permit = self
+            .upgrade_permit
+            .clone()
+            .try_acquire_owned()
+            .map_err(|_| AppError::BadRequest("Upgrade is already running".to_string()))?;
+
+        let service = self.clone();
+        tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let _permit = permit;
+            if let Err(e) = service.execute_upgrade(req, shutdown_tx).await {
+                service
+                    .set_status(
+                        UpdatePhase::Failed,
+                        0,
+                        None,
+                        Some(e.to_string()),
+                        Some(e.to_string()),
+                    )
+                    .await;
+            }
+        });
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn execute_upgrade(
+        &self,
+        req: UpgradeRequest,
+        shutdown_tx: broadcast::Sender<()>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        self.set_status(
+            UpdatePhase::Checking,
+            5,
+            None,
+            Some("Checking for updates".to_string()),
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+
+        let channels: ChannelsManifest = self.fetch_json("/v1/channels.json").await?;
+        let releases: ReleasesManifest = self.fetch_json("/v1/releases.json").await?;
+
+        let current_version = parse_version(env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))?;
+        let target_version = if let Some(channel) = req.channel {
+            let version_str = match channel {
+                UpdateChannel::Stable => channels.stable,
+                UpdateChannel::Beta => channels.beta,
+            };
+            parse_version(&version_str)?
+        } else {
+            parse_version(req.target_version.as_deref().unwrap_or_default())?
+        };
+
+        if compare_versions(&target_version, &current_version)? != std::cmp::Ordering::Greater {
+            return Err(AppError::BadRequest(format!(
+                "Target version {} must be greater than current version {}",
+                target_version, current_version
+            )));
+        }
+
+        let target_release = releases
+            .releases
+            .iter()
+            .find(|r| r.version == target_version)
+            .ok_or_else(|| AppError::NotFound(format!("Release {} not found", target_version)))?;
+
+        let target_triple = current_target_triple()?;
+        let artifact = target_release
+            .artifacts
+            .get(&target_triple)
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                AppError::NotFound(format!(
+                    "No binary for target {} in version {}",
+                    target_triple, target_version
+                ))
+            })?
+            .clone();
+
+        self.set_status(
+            UpdatePhase::Downloading,
+            10,
+            Some(target_version.clone()),
+            Some("Downloading binary".to_string()),
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+
+        tokio::fs::create_dir_all(&self.work_dir).await?;
+        let staging_path = self
+            .work_dir
+            .join(format!("one-kvm-{}-download", target_version));
+
+        let artifact_url = self.resolve_url(&artifact.url);
+        self.download_and_verify(&artifact_url, &staging_path, &artifact)
+            .await?;
+
+        self.set_status(
+            UpdatePhase::Installing,
+            80,
+            Some(target_version.clone()),
+            Some("Replacing binary".to_string()),
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+
+        self.install_binary(&staging_path).await?;
+
+        self.set_status(
+            UpdatePhase::Restarting,
+            95,
+            Some(target_version),
+            Some("Restarting service".to_string()),
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+
+        let _ = shutdown_tx.send(());
+        tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2)).await;
+
+        restart_current_process()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn download_and_verify(
+        &self,
+        url: &str,
+        output_path: &Path,
+        artifact: &ArtifactInfo,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let response = self
+            .client
+            .get(url)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Failed to download {}: {}", url, e)))?
+            .error_for_status()
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Download request failed: {}", e)))?;
+
+        let mut file = tokio::fs::File::create(output_path).await?;
+        let mut stream = response.bytes_stream();
+        let mut downloaded: u64 = 0;
+
+        while let Some(chunk) = stream.next().await {
+            let chunk = chunk
+                .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Read download stream failed: {}", e)))?;
+            file.write_all(&chunk).await?;
+            downloaded += chunk.len() as u64;
+
+            if artifact.size > 0 {
+                let ratio = (downloaded as f64 / artifact.size as f64).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
+                let progress = 10 + (ratio * 60.0) as u8;
+                self.set_status(
+                    UpdatePhase::Downloading,
+                    progress,
+                    None,
+                    Some(format!(
+                        "Downloading binary ({} / {} bytes)",
+                        downloaded, artifact.size
+                    )),
+                    None,
+                )
+                .await;
+            }
+        }
+        file.flush().await?;
+
+        if artifact.size > 0 && downloaded != artifact.size {
+            return Err(AppError::Internal(format!(
+                "Downloaded size mismatch: expected {}, got {}",
+                artifact.size, downloaded
+            )));
+        }
+
+        self.set_status(
+            UpdatePhase::Verifying,
+            72,
+            None,
+            Some("Verifying sha256".to_string()),
+            None,
+        )
+        .await;
+
+        let actual_sha256 = compute_file_sha256(output_path).await?;
+        let expected_sha256 = normalize_sha256(&artifact.sha256).ok_or_else(|| {
+            AppError::Internal(format!(
+                "Invalid sha256 format in manifest: {}",
+                artifact.sha256
+            ))
+        })?;
+        if actual_sha256 != expected_sha256 {
+            return Err(AppError::Internal(format!(
+                "SHA256 mismatch: expected {}, got {}",
+                expected_sha256, actual_sha256
+            )));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn install_binary(&self, staging_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+        let current_exe = std::env::current_exe()
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Failed to get current exe path: {}", e)))?;
+        let exe_dir = current_exe.parent().ok_or_else(|| {
+            AppError::Internal("Failed to determine executable directory".to_string())
+        })?;
+
+        let install_path = exe_dir.join("one-kvm.upgrade.new");
+
+        tokio::fs::copy(staging_path, &install_path)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                AppError::Internal(format!("Failed to stage binary into install path: {}", e))
+            })?;
+
+        #[cfg(unix)]
+        {
+            use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
+            let mut perms = tokio::fs::metadata(&install_path).await?.permissions();
+            perms.set_mode(0o755);
+            tokio::fs::set_permissions(&install_path, perms).await?;
+        }
+
+        tokio::fs::rename(&install_path, &current_exe)
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Failed to replace executable {}", e)))?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    async fn fetch_json<T: for<'de> Deserialize<'de>>(&self, path: &str) -> Result<T> {
+        let url = format!("{}{}", self.base_url.trim_end_matches('/'), path);
+        let response = self
+            .client
+            .get(&url)
+            .send()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Failed to fetch {}: {}", url, e)))?
+            .error_for_status()
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Request failed {}: {}", url, e)))?;
+
+        response
+            .json::<T>()
+            .await
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Invalid update response {}: {}", url, e)))
+    }
+
+    fn resolve_url(&self, url: &str) -> String {
+        if url.starts_with("http://") || url.starts_with("https://") {
+            url.to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!(
+                "{}/{}",
+                self.base_url.trim_end_matches('/'),
+                url.trim_start_matches('/')
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    async fn set_status(
+        &self,
+        phase: UpdatePhase,
+        progress: u8,
+        target_version: Option<String>,
+        message: Option<String>,
+        last_error: Option<String>,
+    ) {
+        let mut status = self.status.write().await;
+        status.phase = phase;
+        status.progress = progress;
+        if target_version.is_some() {
+            status.target_version = target_version;
+        }
+        status.message = message;
+        status.last_error = last_error;
+        status.success = status.phase != UpdatePhase::Failed;
+        status.current_version = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").to_string();
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_version(input: &str) -> Result<String> {
+    let parts: Vec<&str> = input.split('.').collect();
+    if parts.len() != 3 {
+        return Err(AppError::Internal(format!(
+            "Invalid version {}, expected x.x.x",
+            input
+        )));
+    }
+    if parts
+        .iter()
+        .any(|p| p.is_empty() || !p.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()))
+    {
+        return Err(AppError::Internal(format!(
+            "Invalid version {}, expected numeric x.x.x",
+            input
+        )));
+    }
+    Ok(input.to_string())
+}
+
+fn compare_versions(a: &str, b: &str) -> Result<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+    let pa = parse_version_parts(a)?;
+    let pb = parse_version_parts(b)?;
+    Ok(compare_version_parts(&pa, &pb))
+}
+
+fn parse_version_parts(input: &str) -> Result<[u64; 3]> {
+    let parts: Vec<&str> = input.split('.').collect();
+    if parts.len() != 3 {
+        return Err(AppError::Internal(format!(
+            "Invalid version {}, expected x.x.x",
+            input
+        )));
+    }
+    let major = parts[0]
+        .parse::<u64>()
+        .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Invalid major version {}: {}", parts[0], e)))?;
+    let minor = parts[1]
+        .parse::<u64>()
+        .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Invalid minor version {}: {}", parts[1], e)))?;
+    let patch = parts[2]
+        .parse::<u64>()
+        .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Invalid patch version {}: {}", parts[2], e)))?;
+    Ok([major, minor, patch])
+}
+
+fn compare_version_parts(a: &[u64; 3], b: &[u64; 3]) -> std::cmp::Ordering {
+    a[0].cmp(&b[0]).then(a[1].cmp(&b[1])).then(a[2].cmp(&b[2]))
+}
+
+async fn compute_file_sha256(path: &Path) -> Result<String> {
+    let mut file = tokio::fs::File::open(path).await?;
+    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
+    let mut buffer = [0u8; 8192];
+
+    loop {
+        let bytes_read = file.read(&mut buffer).await?;
+        if bytes_read == 0 {
+            break;
+        }
+        hasher.update(&buffer[..bytes_read]);
+    }
+
+    Ok(format!("{:x}", hasher.finalize()))
+}
+
+fn normalize_sha256(input: &str) -> Option<String> {
+    let token = input.split_whitespace().next()?.trim().to_lowercase();
+    if token.len() != 64 || !token.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(token)
+}
+
+fn current_target_triple() -> Result<String> {
+    let triple = match (std::env::consts::OS, std::env::consts::ARCH) {
+        ("linux", "x86_64") => "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
+        ("linux", "aarch64") => "aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu",
+        ("linux", "arm") => "armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabihf",
+        _ => {
+            return Err(AppError::BadRequest(format!(
+                "Unsupported platform {}-{}",
+                std::env::consts::OS,
+                std::env::consts::ARCH
+            )));
+        }
+    };
+    Ok(triple.to_string())
+}
+
+fn restart_current_process() -> Result<()> {
+    let exe = std::env::current_exe()
+        .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Failed to get current exe: {}", e)))?;
+    let args: Vec<String> = std::env::args().skip(1).collect();
+
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    {
+        use std::os::unix::process::CommandExt;
+        let err = std::process::Command::new(&exe).args(&args).exec();
+        Err(AppError::Internal(format!("Failed to restart: {}", err)))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    {
+        std::process::Command::new(&exe)
+            .args(&args)
+            .spawn()
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(format!("Failed to spawn restart process: {}", e)))?;
+        std::process::exit(0);
+    }
+}

src/utils/mod.rs

@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 //!
 //! This module contains common utilities used across the codebase.
 
-pub mod throttle;
 pub mod net;
+pub mod throttle;
 
-pub use throttle::LogThrottler;
 pub use net::{bind_tcp_listener, bind_udp_socket};
+pub use throttle::LogThrottler;

src/video/capture.rs

@@ -2,24 +2,21 @@
 //!
 //! Provides async video capture using memory-mapped buffers.
 
+use bytes::Bytes;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::io;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
-use bytes::Bytes;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 use tokio::sync::{watch, Mutex};
 use tracing::{debug, error, info, warn};
-use v4l::buffer::Type as BufferType;
-use v4l::io::traits::CaptureStream;
-use v4l::prelude::*;
-use v4l::video::capture::Parameters;
-use v4l::video::Capture;
-use v4l::Format;
 
 use super::format::{PixelFormat, Resolution};
 use super::frame::VideoFrame;
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
+use crate::utils::LogThrottler;
+use crate::video::v4l2r_capture::V4l2rCaptureStream;
 
 /// Default number of capture buffers (reduced from 4 to 2 for lower latency)
 const DEFAULT_BUFFER_COUNT: u32 = 2;
@@ -280,9 +277,15 @@ fn run_capture(
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        // Open device
+        let stream = match V4l2rCaptureStream::open(
-        let device = match Device::with_path(&config.device_path) {
+            &config.device_path,
-            Ok(d) => d,
+            config.resolution,
+            config.format,
+            config.fps,
+            config.buffer_count,
+            config.timeout,
+        ) {
+            Ok(stream) => stream,
             Err(e) => {
                 let err_str = e.to_string();
                 if err_str.contains("busy") || err_str.contains("resource") {
@@ -306,34 +309,7 @@ fn run_capture(
             }
         };
 
-        // Set format
+        return run_capture_inner(config, state, stats, stop_flag, stream);
-        let format = Format::new(
-            config.resolution.width,
-            config.resolution.height,
-            config.format.to_fourcc(),
-        );
-
-        let actual_format = match device.set_format(&format) {
-            Ok(f) => f,
-            Err(e) => {
-                let err_str = e.to_string();
-                if err_str.contains("busy") || err_str.contains("resource") {
-                    warn!(
-                        "Device busy on set_format attempt {}/{}, retrying in {}ms...",
-                        attempt + 1,
-                        MAX_RETRIES,
-                        RETRY_DELAY_MS
-                    );
-                    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(RETRY_DELAY_MS));
-                    last_error = Some(AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to set format: {}", e)));
-                    continue;
-                }
-                return Err(AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to set format: {}", e)));
-            }
-        };
-
-        // Device opened and format set successfully - proceed with capture
-        return run_capture_inner(config, state, stats, stop_flag, device, actual_format);
     }
 
     // All retries exhausted
@@ -348,48 +324,16 @@ fn run_capture_inner(
     state: &watch::Sender<CaptureState>,
     stats: &Arc<Mutex<CaptureStats>>,
     stop_flag: &AtomicBool,
-    device: Device,
+    mut stream: V4l2rCaptureStream,
-    actual_format: Format,
 ) -> Result<()> {
+    let resolution = stream.resolution();
+    let pixel_format = stream.format();
+    let stride = stream.stride();
     info!(
         "Capture format: {}x{} {:?} stride={}",
-        actual_format.width, actual_format.height, actual_format.fourcc, actual_format.stride
+        resolution.width, resolution.height, pixel_format, stride
     );
 
-
-    // Try to set hardware FPS (V4L2 VIDIOC_S_PARM)
-    if config.fps > 0 {
-        match device.set_params(&Parameters::with_fps(config.fps)) {
-            Ok(actual_params) => {
-                // Extract actual FPS from returned interval (numerator/denominator)
-                let actual_hw_fps = if actual_params.interval.numerator > 0 {
-                    actual_params.interval.denominator / actual_params.interval.numerator
-                } else {
-                    0
-                };
-
-                if actual_hw_fps == config.fps {
-                    info!("Hardware FPS set successfully: {} fps", actual_hw_fps);
-                } else if actual_hw_fps > 0 {
-                    info!(
-                        "Hardware FPS coerced: requested {} fps, got {} fps",
-                        config.fps, actual_hw_fps
-                    );
-                } else {
-                    warn!("Hardware FPS setting returned invalid interval");
-                }
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                warn!("Failed to set hardware FPS: {}", e);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Create stream with mmap buffers
-    let mut stream =
-        MmapStream::with_buffers(&device, BufferType::VideoCapture, config.buffer_count)
-            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to create stream: {}", e)))?;
-
     let _ = state.send(CaptureState::Running);
     info!("Capture started");
 
@@ -397,12 +341,25 @@ fn run_capture_inner(
     let mut fps_frame_count = 0u64;
     let mut fps_window_start = Instant::now();
     let fps_window_duration = Duration::from_secs(1);
+    let mut scratch = Vec::new();
+    let capture_error_throttler = LogThrottler::with_secs(5);
+    let mut suppressed_capture_errors: HashMap<String, u64> = HashMap::new();
+
+    let classify_capture_error = |err: &std::io::Error| -> String {
+        let message = err.to_string();
+        if message.contains("dqbuf failed") && message.contains("EINVAL") {
+            "capture_dqbuf_einval".to_string()
+        } else if message.contains("dqbuf failed") {
+            "capture_dqbuf".to_string()
+        } else {
+            format!("capture_{:?}", err.kind())
+        }
+    };
 
     // Main capture loop
     while !stop_flag.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
-        // Try to capture a frame
+        let meta = match stream.next_into(&mut scratch) {
-        let (_buf, meta) = match stream.next() {
+            Ok(meta) => meta,
-            Ok(frame_data) => frame_data,
             Err(e) => {
                 if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::TimedOut {
                     warn!("Capture timeout - no signal?");
@@ -432,19 +389,30 @@ fn run_capture_inner(
                     });
                 }
 
-                error!("Capture error: {}", e);
+                let key = classify_capture_error(&e);
+                if capture_error_throttler.should_log(&key) {
+                    let suppressed = suppressed_capture_errors.remove(&key).unwrap_or(0);
+                    if suppressed > 0 {
+                        error!("Capture error: {} (suppressed {} repeats)", e, suppressed);
+                    } else {
+                        error!("Capture error: {}", e);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    let counter = suppressed_capture_errors.entry(key).or_insert(0);
+                    *counter = counter.saturating_add(1);
+                }
                 continue;
             }
         };
 
         // Use actual bytes used, not buffer size
-        let frame_size = meta.bytesused as usize;
+        let frame_size = meta.bytes_used;
 
         // Validate frame
         if frame_size < MIN_FRAME_SIZE {
             debug!(
                 "Dropping small frame: {} bytes (bytesused={})",
-                frame_size, meta.bytesused
+                frame_size, meta.bytes_used
             );
             continue;
         }
@@ -470,6 +438,10 @@ fn run_capture_inner(
                 s.current_fps = (fps_frame_count as f32 / elapsed.as_secs_f32()).max(0.0);
             }
         }
+
+        if *state.borrow() == CaptureState::NoSignal {
+            let _ = state.send(CaptureState::Running);
+        }
     }
 
     info!("Capture stopped");
@@ -525,38 +497,37 @@ fn grab_single_frame(
     resolution: Resolution,
     format: PixelFormat,
 ) -> Result<VideoFrame> {
-    let device = Device::with_path(device_path)
+    let mut stream = V4l2rCaptureStream::open(
-        .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to open device: {}", e)))?;
+        device_path,
-
+        resolution,
-    let fmt = Format::new(resolution.width, resolution.height, format.to_fourcc());
+        format,
-    let actual = device
+        0,
-        .set_format(&fmt)
+        2,
-        .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to set format: {}", e)))?;
+        Duration::from_secs(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT),
-
+    )?;
-    let mut stream = MmapStream::with_buffers(&device, BufferType::VideoCapture, 2)
+    let actual_resolution = stream.resolution();
-        .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to create stream: {}", e)))?;
+    let actual_format = stream.format();
+    let actual_stride = stream.stride();
+    let mut scratch = Vec::new();
 
     // Try to get a valid frame (skip first few which might be bad)
     for attempt in 0..5 {
-        match stream.next() {
+        match stream.next_into(&mut scratch) {
-            Ok((buf, _meta)) => {
+            Ok(meta) => {
-                if buf.len() >= MIN_FRAME_SIZE {
+                if meta.bytes_used >= MIN_FRAME_SIZE {
-                    let actual_format = PixelFormat::from_fourcc(actual.fourcc).unwrap_or(format);
-
                     return Ok(VideoFrame::new(
-                        Bytes::copy_from_slice(buf),
+                        Bytes::copy_from_slice(&scratch[..meta.bytes_used]),
-                        Resolution::new(actual.width, actual.height),
+                        actual_resolution,
                         actual_format,
-                        actual.stride,
+                        actual_stride,
                         0,
                     ));
                 }
             }
-            Err(e) => {
+            Err(e) if attempt == 4 => {
-                if attempt == 4 {
+                return Err(AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to grab frame: {}", e)));
-                    return Err(AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to grab frame: {}", e)));
-                }
             }
+            Err(_) => {}
         }
     }
 

src/video/codec_constraints.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+use crate::config::{AppConfig, RtspCodec, StreamMode};
+use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::video::encoder::registry::VideoEncoderType;
+use crate::video::encoder::VideoCodecType;
+use crate::video::VideoStreamManager;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct StreamCodecConstraints {
+    pub rustdesk_enabled: bool,
+    pub rtsp_enabled: bool,
+    pub allowed_webrtc_codecs: Vec<VideoCodecType>,
+    pub allow_mjpeg: bool,
+    pub locked_codec: Option<VideoCodecType>,
+    pub reason: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct ConstraintEnforcementResult {
+    pub changed: bool,
+    pub message: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl StreamCodecConstraints {
+    pub fn unrestricted() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            rustdesk_enabled: false,
+            rtsp_enabled: false,
+            allowed_webrtc_codecs: vec![
+                VideoCodecType::H264,
+                VideoCodecType::H265,
+                VideoCodecType::VP8,
+                VideoCodecType::VP9,
+            ],
+            allow_mjpeg: true,
+            locked_codec: None,
+            reason: "No codec lock active".to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_config(config: &AppConfig) -> Self {
+        let rustdesk_enabled = config.rustdesk.enabled;
+        let rtsp_enabled = config.rtsp.enabled;
+
+        if rtsp_enabled {
+            let locked_codec = match config.rtsp.codec {
+                RtspCodec::H264 => VideoCodecType::H264,
+                RtspCodec::H265 => VideoCodecType::H265,
+            };
+            return Self {
+                rustdesk_enabled,
+                rtsp_enabled,
+                allowed_webrtc_codecs: vec![locked_codec],
+                allow_mjpeg: false,
+                locked_codec: Some(locked_codec),
+                reason: if rustdesk_enabled {
+                    format!(
+                        "RTSP enabled with codec lock ({:?}) and RustDesk enabled",
+                        locked_codec
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    format!("RTSP enabled with codec lock ({:?})", locked_codec)
+                },
+            };
+        }
+
+        if rustdesk_enabled {
+            return Self {
+                rustdesk_enabled,
+                rtsp_enabled,
+                allowed_webrtc_codecs: vec![
+                    VideoCodecType::H264,
+                    VideoCodecType::H265,
+                    VideoCodecType::VP8,
+                    VideoCodecType::VP9,
+                ],
+                allow_mjpeg: false,
+                locked_codec: None,
+                reason: "RustDesk enabled, MJPEG disabled".to_string(),
+            };
+        }
+
+        Self::unrestricted()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_mjpeg_allowed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.allow_mjpeg
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_webrtc_codec_allowed(&self, codec: VideoCodecType) -> bool {
+        self.allowed_webrtc_codecs.contains(&codec)
+    }
+
+    pub fn preferred_webrtc_codec(&self) -> VideoCodecType {
+        if let Some(codec) = self.locked_codec {
+            return codec;
+        }
+        self.allowed_webrtc_codecs
+            .first()
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(VideoCodecType::H264)
+    }
+
+    pub fn allowed_codecs_for_api(&self) -> Vec<&'static str> {
+        let mut codecs = Vec::new();
+        if self.allow_mjpeg {
+            codecs.push("mjpeg");
+        }
+        for codec in &self.allowed_webrtc_codecs {
+            codecs.push(codec_to_id(*codec));
+        }
+        codecs
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn enforce_constraints_with_stream_manager(
+    stream_manager: &Arc<VideoStreamManager>,
+    constraints: &StreamCodecConstraints,
+) -> Result<ConstraintEnforcementResult> {
+    let current_mode = stream_manager.current_mode().await;
+
+    if current_mode == StreamMode::Mjpeg && !constraints.allow_mjpeg {
+        let target_codec = constraints.preferred_webrtc_codec();
+        stream_manager.set_video_codec(target_codec).await?;
+        let _ = stream_manager
+            .switch_mode_transaction(StreamMode::WebRTC)
+            .await?;
+        return Ok(ConstraintEnforcementResult {
+            changed: true,
+            message: Some(format!(
+                "Auto-switched from MJPEG to {} due to codec lock",
+                codec_to_id(target_codec)
+            )),
+        });
+    }
+
+    if current_mode == StreamMode::WebRTC {
+        let current_codec = stream_manager.webrtc_streamer().current_video_codec().await;
+        if !constraints.is_webrtc_codec_allowed(current_codec) {
+            let target_codec = constraints.preferred_webrtc_codec();
+            stream_manager.set_video_codec(target_codec).await?;
+            return Ok(ConstraintEnforcementResult {
+                changed: true,
+                message: Some(format!(
+                    "Auto-switched codec from {} to {} due to codec lock",
+                    codec_to_id(current_codec),
+                    codec_to_id(target_codec)
+                )),
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(ConstraintEnforcementResult {
+        changed: false,
+        message: None,
+    })
+}
+
+pub fn codec_to_id(codec: VideoCodecType) -> &'static str {
+    match codec {
+        VideoCodecType::H264 => "h264",
+        VideoCodecType::H265 => "h265",
+        VideoCodecType::VP8 => "vp8",
+        VideoCodecType::VP9 => "vp9",
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn encoder_codec_to_id(codec: VideoEncoderType) -> &'static str {
+    match codec {
+        VideoEncoderType::H264 => "h264",
+        VideoEncoderType::H265 => "h265",
+        VideoEncoderType::VP8 => "vp8",
+        VideoEncoderType::VP9 => "vp9",
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn video_codec_to_encoder_codec(codec: VideoCodecType) -> VideoEncoderType {
+    match codec {
+        VideoCodecType::H264 => VideoEncoderType::H264,
+        VideoCodecType::H265 => VideoEncoderType::H265,
+        VideoCodecType::VP8 => VideoEncoderType::VP8,
+        VideoCodecType::VP9 => VideoEncoderType::VP9,
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn encoder_codec_to_video_codec(codec: VideoEncoderType) -> VideoCodecType {
+    match codec {
+        VideoEncoderType::H264 => VideoCodecType::H264,
+        VideoEncoderType::H265 => VideoCodecType::H265,
+        VideoEncoderType::VP8 => VideoCodecType::VP8,
+        VideoEncoderType::VP9 => VideoCodecType::VP9,
+    }
+}

src/video/device.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
 //! V4L2 device enumeration and capability query
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::fs::File;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::mpsc;
 use std::time::Duration;
 use tracing::{debug, info, warn};
-use v4l::capability::Flags;
+use v4l2r::bindings::{v4l2_frmivalenum, v4l2_frmsizeenum};
-use v4l::prelude::*;
+use v4l2r::ioctl::{
-use v4l::video::Capture;
+    self, Capabilities, Capability as V4l2rCapability, FormatIterator, FrmIvalTypes, FrmSizeTypes,
-use v4l::Format;
+};
-use v4l::FourCC;
+use v4l2r::nix::errno::Errno;
+use v4l2r::{Format as V4l2rFormat, QueueType};
 
 use super::format::{PixelFormat, Resolution};
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ pub struct DeviceCapabilities {
 /// Wrapper around a V4L2 video device
 pub struct VideoDevice {
     pub path: PathBuf,
-    device: Device,
+    fd: File,
 }
 
 impl VideoDevice {
@@ -90,42 +92,55 @@ impl VideoDevice {
         let path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
         debug!("Opening video device: {:?}", path);
 
-        let device = Device::with_path(&path).map_err(|e| {
+        let fd = File::options()
+            .read(true)
+            .write(true)
+            .open(&path)
+            .map_err(|e| {
+                AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to open device {:?}: {}", path, e))
+            })?;
+
+        Ok(Self { path, fd })
+    }
+
+    /// Open a video device read-only (for probing/enumeration)
+    pub fn open_readonly(path: impl AsRef<Path>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let path = path.as_ref().to_path_buf();
+        debug!("Opening video device (read-only): {:?}", path);
+
+        let fd = File::options().read(true).open(&path).map_err(|e| {
             AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to open device {:?}: {}", path, e))
         })?;
 
-        Ok(Self { path, device })
+        Ok(Self { path, fd })
     }
 
     /// Get device capabilities
     pub fn capabilities(&self) -> Result<DeviceCapabilities> {
-        let caps = self
+        let caps: V4l2rCapability = ioctl::querycap(&self.fd)
-            .device
-            .query_caps()
             .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to query capabilities: {}", e)))?;
+        let flags = caps.device_caps();
 
         Ok(DeviceCapabilities {
-            video_capture: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::VIDEO_CAPTURE),
+            video_capture: flags.contains(Capabilities::VIDEO_CAPTURE),
-            video_capture_mplane: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::VIDEO_CAPTURE_MPLANE),
+            video_capture_mplane: flags.contains(Capabilities::VIDEO_CAPTURE_MPLANE),
-            video_output: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::VIDEO_OUTPUT),
+            video_output: flags.contains(Capabilities::VIDEO_OUTPUT),
-            streaming: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::STREAMING),
+            streaming: flags.contains(Capabilities::STREAMING),
-            read_write: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::READ_WRITE),
+            read_write: flags.contains(Capabilities::READWRITE),
         })
     }
 
     /// Get detailed device information
     pub fn info(&self) -> Result<VideoDeviceInfo> {
-        let caps = self
+        let caps: V4l2rCapability = ioctl::querycap(&self.fd)
-            .device
-            .query_caps()
             .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to query capabilities: {}", e)))?;
-
+        let flags = caps.device_caps();
         let capabilities = DeviceCapabilities {
-            video_capture: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::VIDEO_CAPTURE),
+            video_capture: flags.contains(Capabilities::VIDEO_CAPTURE),
-            video_capture_mplane: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::VIDEO_CAPTURE_MPLANE),
+            video_capture_mplane: flags.contains(Capabilities::VIDEO_CAPTURE_MPLANE),
-            video_output: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::VIDEO_OUTPUT),
+            video_output: flags.contains(Capabilities::VIDEO_OUTPUT),
-            streaming: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::STREAMING),
+            streaming: flags.contains(Capabilities::STREAMING),
-            read_write: caps.capabilities.contains(Flags::READ_WRITE),
+            read_write: flags.contains(Capabilities::READWRITE),
         };
 
         let formats = self.enumerate_formats()?;
@@ -141,7 +156,7 @@ impl VideoDevice {
             path: self.path.clone(),
             name: caps.card.clone(),
             driver: caps.driver.clone(),
-            bus_info: caps.bus.clone(),
+            bus_info: caps.bus_info.clone(),
             card: caps.card,
             formats,
             capabilities,
@@ -154,16 +169,13 @@ impl VideoDevice {
     pub fn enumerate_formats(&self) -> Result<Vec<FormatInfo>> {
         let mut formats = Vec::new();
 
-        // Get supported formats
+        let queue = self.capture_queue_type()?;
-        let format_descs = self
+        let format_descs = FormatIterator::new(&self.fd, queue);
-            .device
-            .enum_formats()
-            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to enumerate formats: {}", e)))?;
 
         for desc in format_descs {
             // Try to convert FourCC to our PixelFormat
-            if let Some(format) = PixelFormat::from_fourcc(desc.fourcc) {
+            if let Some(format) = PixelFormat::from_v4l2r(desc.pixelformat) {
-                let resolutions = self.enumerate_resolutions(desc.fourcc)?;
+                let resolutions = self.enumerate_resolutions(desc.pixelformat)?;
 
                 formats.push(FormatInfo {
                     format,
@@ -173,7 +185,7 @@ impl VideoDevice {
             } else {
                 debug!(
                     "Skipping unsupported format: {:?} ({})",
-                    desc.fourcc, desc.description
+                    desc.pixelformat, desc.description
                 );
             }
         }
@@ -185,46 +197,55 @@ impl VideoDevice {
     }
 
     /// Enumerate resolutions for a specific format
-    fn enumerate_resolutions(&self, fourcc: FourCC) -> Result<Vec<ResolutionInfo>> {
+    fn enumerate_resolutions(&self, fourcc: v4l2r::PixelFormat) -> Result<Vec<ResolutionInfo>> {
         let mut resolutions = Vec::new();
 
-        // Try to enumerate frame sizes
+        let mut index = 0u32;
-        match self.device.enum_framesizes(fourcc) {
+        loop {
-            Ok(sizes) => {
+            match ioctl::enum_frame_sizes::<v4l2_frmsizeenum>(&self.fd, index, fourcc) {
-                for size in sizes {
+                Ok(size) => {
-                    match size.size {
+                    if let Some(size) = size.size() {
-                        v4l::framesize::FrameSizeEnum::Discrete(d) => {
+                        match size {
-                            let fps = self
+                            FrmSizeTypes::Discrete(d) => {
-                                .enumerate_fps(fourcc, d.width, d.height)
+                                let fps = self
-                                .unwrap_or_default();
+                                    .enumerate_fps(fourcc, d.width, d.height)
-                            resolutions.push(ResolutionInfo::new(d.width, d.height, fps));
+                                    .unwrap_or_default();
-                        }
+                                resolutions.push(ResolutionInfo::new(d.width, d.height, fps));
-                        v4l::framesize::FrameSizeEnum::Stepwise(s) => {
+                            }
-                            // For stepwise, add some common resolutions
+                            FrmSizeTypes::StepWise(s) => {
-                            for res in [
+                                for res in [
-                                Resolution::VGA,
+                                    Resolution::VGA,
-                                Resolution::HD720,
+                                    Resolution::HD720,
-                                Resolution::HD1080,
+                                    Resolution::HD1080,
-                                Resolution::UHD4K,
+                                    Resolution::UHD4K,
-                            ] {
+                                ] {
-                                if res.width >= s.min_width
+                                    if res.width >= s.min_width
-                                    && res.width <= s.max_width
+                                        && res.width <= s.max_width
-                                    && res.height >= s.min_height
+                                        && res.height >= s.min_height
-                                    && res.height <= s.max_height
+                                        && res.height <= s.max_height
-                                {
+                                    {
-                                    let fps = self
+                                        let fps = self
-                                        .enumerate_fps(fourcc, res.width, res.height)
+                                            .enumerate_fps(fourcc, res.width, res.height)
-                                        .unwrap_or_default();
+                                            .unwrap_or_default();
-                                    resolutions
+                                        resolutions
-                                        .push(ResolutionInfo::new(res.width, res.height, fps));
+                                            .push(ResolutionInfo::new(res.width, res.height, fps));
+                                    }
                                 }
                             }
                         }
                     }
+                    index += 1;
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    let is_einval = matches!(
+                        e,
+                        v4l2r::ioctl::FrameSizeError::IoctlError(err) if err == Errno::EINVAL
+                    );
+                    if !is_einval {
+                        debug!("Failed to enumerate frame sizes for {:?}: {}", fourcc, e);
+                    }
+                    break;
                 }
-            }
-            Err(e) => {
-                debug!("Failed to enumerate frame sizes for {:?}: {}", fourcc, e);
             }
         }
 
@@ -236,36 +257,55 @@ impl VideoDevice {
     }
 
     /// Enumerate FPS for a specific resolution
-    fn enumerate_fps(&self, fourcc: FourCC, width: u32, height: u32) -> Result<Vec<u32>> {
+    fn enumerate_fps(
+        &self,
+        fourcc: v4l2r::PixelFormat,
+        width: u32,
+        height: u32,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u32>> {
         let mut fps_list = Vec::new();
 
-        match self.device.enum_frameintervals(fourcc, width, height) {
+        let mut index = 0u32;
-            Ok(intervals) => {
+        loop {
-                for interval in intervals {
+            match ioctl::enum_frame_intervals::<v4l2_frmivalenum>(
-                    match interval.interval {
+                &self.fd, index, fourcc, width, height,
-                        v4l::frameinterval::FrameIntervalEnum::Discrete(fraction) => {
+            ) {
-                            if fraction.numerator > 0 {
+                Ok(interval) => {
-                                let fps = fraction.denominator / fraction.numerator;
+                    if let Some(interval) = interval.intervals() {
-                                fps_list.push(fps);
+                        match interval {
+                            FrmIvalTypes::Discrete(fraction) => {
+                                if fraction.numerator > 0 {
+                                    let fps = fraction.denominator / fraction.numerator;
+                                    fps_list.push(fps);
+                                }
                             }
-                        }
+                            FrmIvalTypes::StepWise(step) => {
-                        v4l::frameinterval::FrameIntervalEnum::Stepwise(step) => {
+                                if step.max.numerator > 0 {
-                            // Just pick max/min/step
+                                    let min_fps = step.max.denominator / step.max.numerator;
-                            if step.max.numerator > 0 {
+                                    let max_fps = step.min.denominator / step.min.numerator;
-                                let min_fps = step.max.denominator / step.max.numerator;
+                                    fps_list.push(min_fps);
-                                let max_fps = step.min.denominator / step.min.numerator;
+                                    if max_fps != min_fps {
-                                fps_list.push(min_fps);
+                                        fps_list.push(max_fps);
-                                if max_fps != min_fps {
+                                    }
-                                    fps_list.push(max_fps);
                                 }
                             }
                         }
                     }
+                    index += 1;
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    let is_einval = matches!(
+                        e,
+                        v4l2r::ioctl::FrameIntervalsError::IoctlError(err) if err == Errno::EINVAL
+                    );
+                    if !is_einval {
+                        debug!(
+                            "Failed to enumerate frame intervals for {:?} {}x{}: {}",
+                            fourcc, width, height, e
+                        );
+                    }
+                    break;
                 }
-            }
-            Err(_) => {
-                // If enumeration fails, assume 30fps
-                fps_list.push(30);
             }
         }
 
@@ -275,20 +315,26 @@ impl VideoDevice {
     }
 
     /// Get current format
-    pub fn get_format(&self) -> Result<Format> {
+    pub fn get_format(&self) -> Result<V4l2rFormat> {
-        self.device
+        let queue = self.capture_queue_type()?;
-            .format()
+        ioctl::g_fmt(&self.fd, queue)
             .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to get format: {}", e)))
     }
 
     /// Set capture format
-    pub fn set_format(&self, width: u32, height: u32, format: PixelFormat) -> Result<Format> {
+    pub fn set_format(&self, width: u32, height: u32, format: PixelFormat) -> Result<V4l2rFormat> {
-        let fmt = Format::new(width, height, format.to_fourcc());
+        let queue = self.capture_queue_type()?;
+        let mut fmt: V4l2rFormat = ioctl::g_fmt(&self.fd, queue)
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to get format: {}", e)))?;
+        fmt.width = width;
+        fmt.height = height;
+        fmt.pixelformat = format.to_v4l2r();
 
-        // Request the format
+        let mut fd = self
-        let actual = self
+            .fd
-            .device
+            .try_clone()
-            .set_format(&fmt)
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to clone device fd: {}", e)))?;
+        let actual: V4l2rFormat = ioctl::s_fmt(&mut fd, (queue, &fmt))
             .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to set format: {}", e)))?;
 
         if actual.width != width || actual.height != height {
@@ -364,7 +410,7 @@ impl VideoDevice {
             .max()
             .unwrap_or(0);
 
-        priority += (max_resolution / 100000) as u32;
+        priority += max_resolution / 100000;
 
         // Known good drivers get bonus
         let good_drivers = ["uvcvideo", "tc358743"];
@@ -376,8 +422,21 @@ impl VideoDevice {
     }
 
     /// Get the inner device reference (for advanced usage)
-    pub fn inner(&self) -> &Device {
+    pub fn inner(&self) -> &File {
-        &self.device
+        &self.fd
+    }
+
+    fn capture_queue_type(&self) -> Result<QueueType> {
+        let caps = self.capabilities()?;
+        if caps.video_capture {
+            Ok(QueueType::VideoCapture)
+        } else if caps.video_capture_mplane {
+            Ok(QueueType::VideoCaptureMplane)
+        } else {
+            Err(AppError::VideoError(
+                "Device does not expose a capture queue".to_string(),
+            ))
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -446,7 +505,7 @@ fn probe_device_with_timeout(path: &Path, timeout: Duration) -> Option<VideoDevi
 
     std::thread::spawn(move || {
         let result = (|| -> Result<VideoDeviceInfo> {
-            let device = VideoDevice::open(&path_for_thread)?;
+            let device = VideoDevice::open_readonly(&path_for_thread)?;
             device.info()
         })();
         let _ = tx.send(result);
@@ -503,15 +562,7 @@ fn sysfs_maybe_capture(path: &Path) -> bool {
     }
 
     let skip_hints = [
-        "codec",
+        "codec", "decoder", "encoder", "isp", "mem2mem", "m2m", "vbi", "radio", "metadata",
-        "decoder",
-        "encoder",
-        "isp",
-        "mem2mem",
-        "m2m",
-        "vbi",
-        "radio",
-        "metadata",
         "output",
     ];
     if skip_hints.iter().any(|hint| sysfs_name.contains(hint)) && !maybe_capture {

src/video/encoder/h264.rs

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ fn init_hwcodec_logging() {
 }
 
 /// H.264 encoder type (detected from hwcodec)
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum H264EncoderType {
     /// NVIDIA NVENC
     Nvenc,
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ pub enum H264EncoderType {
     /// Software encoding (libx264/openh264)
     Software,
     /// No encoder available
+    #[default]
     None,
 }
 
@@ -67,12 +68,6 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for H264EncoderType {
     }
 }
 
-impl Default for H264EncoderType {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::None
-    }
-}
-
 /// Map codec name to encoder type
 fn codec_name_to_type(name: &str) -> H264EncoderType {
     if name.contains("nvenc") {
@@ -93,11 +88,12 @@ fn codec_name_to_type(name: &str) -> H264EncoderType {
 }
 
 /// Input pixel format for H264 encoder
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum H264InputFormat {
     /// YUV420P (I420) - planar Y, U, V
     Yuv420p,
     /// NV12 - Y plane + interleaved UV plane (optimal for VAAPI)
+    #[default]
     Nv12,
     /// NV21 - Y plane + interleaved VU plane
     Nv21,
@@ -113,12 +109,6 @@ pub enum H264InputFormat {
     Bgr24,
 }
 
-impl Default for H264InputFormat {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Nv12 // Default to NV12 for VAAPI compatibility
-    }
-}
-
 /// H.264 encoder configuration
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct H264Config {

src/video/encoder/h265.rs

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ fn init_hwcodec_logging() {
 }
 
 /// H.265 encoder type (detected from hwcodec)
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum H265EncoderType {
     /// NVIDIA NVENC
     Nvenc,
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ pub enum H265EncoderType {
     /// Software encoder (libx265)
     Software,
     /// No encoder available
+    #[default]
     None,
 }
 
@@ -65,12 +66,6 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for H265EncoderType {
     }
 }
 
-impl Default for H265EncoderType {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::None
-    }
-}
-
 impl From<EncoderBackend> for H265EncoderType {
     fn from(backend: EncoderBackend) -> Self {
         match backend {
@@ -86,11 +81,12 @@ impl From<EncoderBackend> for H265EncoderType {
 }
 
 /// Input pixel format for H265 encoder
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum H265InputFormat {
     /// YUV420P (I420) - planar Y, U, V
     Yuv420p,
     /// NV12 - Y plane + interleaved UV plane (optimal for hardware encoders)
+    #[default]
     Nv12,
     /// NV21 - Y plane + interleaved VU plane
     Nv21,
@@ -106,12 +102,6 @@ pub enum H265InputFormat {
     Bgr24,
 }
 
-impl Default for H265InputFormat {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Nv12 // Default to NV12 for hardware encoder compatibility
-    }
-}
-
 /// H.265 encoder configuration
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct H265Config {
@@ -256,8 +246,6 @@ pub fn detect_best_h265_encoder(width: u32, height: u32) -> (H265EncoderType, Op
         H265EncoderType::Rkmpp
     } else if codec.name.contains("v4l2m2m") {
         H265EncoderType::V4l2M2m
-    } else if codec.name.contains("libx265") {
-        H265EncoderType::Software
     } else {
         H265EncoderType::Software // Default to software for unknown
     };

src/video/encoder/registry.rs

@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ impl EncoderBackend {
     }
 
     /// Parse from string (case-insensitive)
+    #[allow(clippy::should_implement_trait)]
     pub fn from_str(s: &str) -> Option<Self> {
         match s.to_lowercase().as_str() {
             "vaapi" => Some(EncoderBackend::Vaapi),

src/video/encoder/traits.rs

@@ -15,12 +15,14 @@ use crate::video::format::{PixelFormat, Resolution};
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(tag = "type", content = "value")]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum BitratePreset {
     /// Speed priority: 1 Mbps, lowest latency, smaller GOP
     /// Best for: slow networks, remote management, low-bandwidth scenarios
     Speed,
     /// Balanced: 4 Mbps, good quality/latency tradeoff
     /// Best for: typical usage, recommended default
+    #[default]
     Balanced,
     /// Quality priority: 8 Mbps, best visual quality
     /// Best for: local network, high-bandwidth scenarios, detailed work
@@ -74,12 +76,6 @@ impl BitratePreset {
     }
 }
 
-impl Default for BitratePreset {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Balanced
-    }
-}
-
 impl std::fmt::Display for BitratePreset {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {

src/video/encoder/vp8.rs

@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@ fn init_hwcodec_logging() {
 }
 
 /// VP8 encoder type (detected from hwcodec)
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum VP8EncoderType {
     /// VAAPI (Intel on Linux)
     Vaapi,
     /// Software encoder (libvpx)
     Software,
     /// No encoder available
+    #[default]
     None,
 }
 
@@ -50,12 +51,6 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for VP8EncoderType {
     }
 }
 
-impl Default for VP8EncoderType {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::None
-    }
-}
-
 impl From<EncoderBackend> for VP8EncoderType {
     fn from(backend: EncoderBackend) -> Self {
         match backend {
@@ -67,20 +62,15 @@ impl From<EncoderBackend> for VP8EncoderType {
 }
 
 /// Input pixel format for VP8 encoder
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum VP8InputFormat {
     /// YUV420P (I420) - planar Y, U, V
     Yuv420p,
     /// NV12 - Y plane + interleaved UV plane
+    #[default]
     Nv12,
 }
 
-impl Default for VP8InputFormat {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Nv12 // Default to NV12 for VAAPI compatibility
-    }
-}
-
 /// VP8 encoder configuration
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct VP8Config {
@@ -180,8 +170,6 @@ pub fn detect_best_vp8_encoder(width: u32, height: u32) -> (VP8EncoderType, Opti
 
     let encoder_type = if codec.name.contains("vaapi") {
         VP8EncoderType::Vaapi
-    } else if codec.name.contains("libvpx") {
-        VP8EncoderType::Software
     } else {
         VP8EncoderType::Software // Default to software for unknown
     };

src/video/encoder/vp9.rs

@@ -30,13 +30,14 @@ fn init_hwcodec_logging() {
 }
 
 /// VP9 encoder type (detected from hwcodec)
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum VP9EncoderType {
     /// VAAPI (Intel on Linux)
     Vaapi,
     /// Software encoder (libvpx-vp9)
     Software,
     /// No encoder available
+    #[default]
     None,
 }
 
@@ -50,12 +51,6 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for VP9EncoderType {
     }
 }
 
-impl Default for VP9EncoderType {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::None
-    }
-}
-
 impl From<EncoderBackend> for VP9EncoderType {
     fn from(backend: EncoderBackend) -> Self {
         match backend {
@@ -67,20 +62,15 @@ impl From<EncoderBackend> for VP9EncoderType {
 }
 
 /// Input pixel format for VP9 encoder
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
 pub enum VP9InputFormat {
     /// YUV420P (I420) - planar Y, U, V
     Yuv420p,
     /// NV12 - Y plane + interleaved UV plane
+    #[default]
     Nv12,
 }
 
-impl Default for VP9InputFormat {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::Nv12 // Default to NV12 for VAAPI compatibility
-    }
-}
-
 /// VP9 encoder configuration
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct VP9Config {
@@ -180,8 +170,6 @@ pub fn detect_best_vp9_encoder(width: u32, height: u32) -> (VP9EncoderType, Opti
 
     let encoder_type = if codec.name.contains("vaapi") {
         VP9EncoderType::Vaapi
-    } else if codec.name.contains("libvpx") {
-        VP9EncoderType::Software
     } else {
         VP9EncoderType::Software // Default to software for unknown
     };

src/video/format.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::fmt;
-use v4l::format::fourcc;
+use v4l2r::PixelFormat as V4l2rPixelFormat;
 
 /// Supported pixel formats
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Serialize, Deserialize)]
@@ -41,30 +41,29 @@ pub enum PixelFormat {
 }
 
 impl PixelFormat {
-    /// Convert to V4L2 FourCC
+    /// Convert to V4L2 FourCC bytes
-    pub fn to_fourcc(&self) -> fourcc::FourCC {
+    pub fn to_fourcc(&self) -> [u8; 4] {
         match self {
-            PixelFormat::Mjpeg => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"MJPG"),
+            PixelFormat::Mjpeg => *b"MJPG",
-            PixelFormat::Jpeg => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"JPEG"),
+            PixelFormat::Jpeg => *b"JPEG",
-            PixelFormat::Yuyv => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"YUYV"),
+            PixelFormat::Yuyv => *b"YUYV",
-            PixelFormat::Yvyu => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"YVYU"),
+            PixelFormat::Yvyu => *b"YVYU",
-            PixelFormat::Uyvy => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"UYVY"),
+            PixelFormat::Uyvy => *b"UYVY",
-            PixelFormat::Nv12 => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"NV12"),
+            PixelFormat::Nv12 => *b"NV12",
-            PixelFormat::Nv21 => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"NV21"),
+            PixelFormat::Nv21 => *b"NV21",
-            PixelFormat::Nv16 => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"NV16"),
+            PixelFormat::Nv16 => *b"NV16",
-            PixelFormat::Nv24 => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"NV24"),
+            PixelFormat::Nv24 => *b"NV24",
-            PixelFormat::Yuv420 => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"YU12"),
+            PixelFormat::Yuv420 => *b"YU12",
-            PixelFormat::Yvu420 => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"YV12"),
+            PixelFormat::Yvu420 => *b"YV12",
-            PixelFormat::Rgb565 => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"RGBP"),
+            PixelFormat::Rgb565 => *b"RGBP",
-            PixelFormat::Rgb24 => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"RGB3"),
+            PixelFormat::Rgb24 => *b"RGB3",
-            PixelFormat::Bgr24 => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"BGR3"),
+            PixelFormat::Bgr24 => *b"BGR3",
-            PixelFormat::Grey => fourcc::FourCC::new(b"GREY"),
+            PixelFormat::Grey => *b"GREY",
         }
     }
 
     /// Try to convert from V4L2 FourCC
-    pub fn from_fourcc(fourcc: fourcc::FourCC) -> Option<Self> {
+    pub fn from_fourcc(repr: [u8; 4]) -> Option<Self> {
-        let repr = fourcc.repr;
         match &repr {
             b"MJPG" => Some(PixelFormat::Mjpeg),
             b"JPEG" => Some(PixelFormat::Jpeg),
@@ -85,6 +84,17 @@ impl PixelFormat {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Convert to v4l2r PixelFormat
+    pub fn to_v4l2r(&self) -> V4l2rPixelFormat {
+        V4l2rPixelFormat::from(&self.to_fourcc())
+    }
+
+    /// Convert from v4l2r PixelFormat
+    pub fn from_v4l2r(format: V4l2rPixelFormat) -> Option<Self> {
+        let repr: [u8; 4] = format.into();
+        Self::from_fourcc(repr)
+    }
+
     /// Check if format is compressed (JPEG/MJPEG)
     pub fn is_compressed(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, PixelFormat::Mjpeg | PixelFormat::Jpeg)

src/video/frame.rs

@@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ impl FrameBuffer {
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.data.len()
     }
+
+    /// Check if the frame buffer has no data
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data.is_empty()
+    }
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Debug for FrameBuffer {

src/video/mod.rs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 //! This module provides V4L2 video capture, encoding, and streaming functionality.
 
 pub mod capture;
+pub mod codec_constraints;
 pub mod convert;
 pub mod decoder;
 pub mod device;
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ pub mod h264_pipeline;
 pub mod shared_video_pipeline;
 pub mod stream_manager;
 pub mod streamer;
+pub mod v4l2r_capture;
 pub mod video_session;
 
 pub use capture::VideoCapturer;

src/video/shared_video_pipeline.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use parking_lot::RwLock as ParkingRwLock;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicI64, AtomicU64, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
@@ -26,22 +27,17 @@ use tracing::{debug, error, info, trace, warn};
 
 /// Grace period before auto-stopping pipeline when no subscribers (in seconds)
 const AUTO_STOP_GRACE_PERIOD_SECS: u64 = 3;
+/// Restart capture stream after this many consecutive timeouts.
+const CAPTURE_TIMEOUT_RESTART_THRESHOLD: u32 = 5;
 /// Minimum valid frame size for capture
 const MIN_CAPTURE_FRAME_SIZE: usize = 128;
 /// Validate JPEG header every N frames to reduce overhead
 const JPEG_VALIDATE_INTERVAL: u64 = 30;
 
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
+use crate::utils::LogThrottler;
 use crate::video::convert::{Nv12Converter, PixelConverter};
 use crate::video::decoder::MjpegTurboDecoder;
-#[cfg(any(target_arch = "aarch64", target_arch = "arm"))]
-use hwcodec::ffmpeg_hw::{last_error_message as ffmpeg_hw_last_error, HwMjpegH26xConfig, HwMjpegH26xPipeline};
-use v4l::buffer::Type as BufferType;
-use v4l::io::traits::CaptureStream;
-use v4l::prelude::*;
-use v4l::video::Capture;
-use v4l::video::capture::Parameters;
-use v4l::Format;
 use crate::video::encoder::h264::{detect_best_encoder, H264Config, H264Encoder, H264InputFormat};
 use crate::video::encoder::h265::{
     detect_best_h265_encoder, H265Config, H265Encoder, H265InputFormat,
@@ -52,6 +48,11 @@ use crate::video::encoder::vp8::{detect_best_vp8_encoder, VP8Config, VP8Encoder}
 use crate::video::encoder::vp9::{detect_best_vp9_encoder, VP9Config, VP9Encoder};
 use crate::video::format::{PixelFormat, Resolution};
 use crate::video::frame::{FrameBuffer, FrameBufferPool, VideoFrame};
+use crate::video::v4l2r_capture::V4l2rCaptureStream;
+#[cfg(any(target_arch = "aarch64", target_arch = "arm"))]
+use hwcodec::ffmpeg_hw::{
+    last_error_message as ffmpeg_hw_last_error, HwMjpegH26xConfig, HwMjpegH26xPipeline,
+};
 
 /// Encoded video frame for distribution
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -511,7 +512,10 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
         #[cfg(any(target_arch = "aarch64", target_arch = "arm"))]
         if needs_mjpeg_decode
             && is_rkmpp_encoder
-            && matches!(config.output_codec, VideoEncoderType::H264 | VideoEncoderType::H265)
+            && matches!(
+                config.output_codec,
+                VideoEncoderType::H264 | VideoEncoderType::H265
+            )
         {
             info!(
                 "Initializing FFmpeg HW MJPEG->{} pipeline (no fallback)",
@@ -528,7 +532,11 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
                 thread_count: 1,
             };
             let pipeline = HwMjpegH26xPipeline::new(hw_config).map_err(|e| {
-                let detail = if e.is_empty() { ffmpeg_hw_last_error() } else { e };
+                let detail = if e.is_empty() {
+                    ffmpeg_hw_last_error()
+                } else {
+                    e
+                };
                 AppError::VideoError(format!(
                     "FFmpeg HW MJPEG->{} init failed: {}",
                     config.output_codec, detail
@@ -902,7 +910,11 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
 
     /// Get subscriber count
     pub fn subscriber_count(&self) -> usize {
-        self.subscribers.read().iter().filter(|tx| !tx.is_closed()).count()
+        self.subscribers
+            .read()
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|tx| !tx.is_closed())
+            .count()
     }
 
     /// Report that a receiver has lagged behind
@@ -951,7 +963,11 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
                         pipeline
                             .reconfigure(bitrate_kbps as i32, gop as i32)
                             .map_err(|e| {
-                                let detail = if e.is_empty() { ffmpeg_hw_last_error() } else { e };
+                                let detail = if e.is_empty() {
+                                    ffmpeg_hw_last_error()
+                                } else {
+                                    e
+                                };
                                 AppError::VideoError(format!(
                                     "FFmpeg HW reconfigure failed: {}",
                                     detail
@@ -1279,53 +1295,17 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
             let frame_seq_tx = frame_seq_tx.clone();
             let buffer_pool = buffer_pool.clone();
             std::thread::spawn(move || {
-                let device = match Device::with_path(&device_path) {
+                let mut stream = match V4l2rCaptureStream::open(
-                    Ok(d) => d,
+                    &device_path,
-                    Err(e) => {
+                    config.resolution,
-                        error!("Failed to open device {:?}: {}", device_path, e);
+                    config.input_format,
-                        let _ = pipeline.running.send(false);
+                    config.fps,
-                        pipeline.running_flag.store(false, Ordering::Release);
-                        let _ = frame_seq_tx.send(1);
-                        return;
-                    }
-                };
-
-                let requested_format = Format::new(
-                    config.resolution.width,
-                    config.resolution.height,
-                    config.input_format.to_fourcc(),
-                );
-
-                let actual_format = match device.set_format(&requested_format) {
-                    Ok(f) => f,
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        error!("Failed to set capture format: {}", e);
-                        let _ = pipeline.running.send(false);
-                        pipeline.running_flag.store(false, Ordering::Release);
-                        let _ = frame_seq_tx.send(1);
-                        return;
-                    }
-                };
-
-                let resolution = Resolution::new(actual_format.width, actual_format.height);
-                let pixel_format =
-                    PixelFormat::from_fourcc(actual_format.fourcc).unwrap_or(config.input_format);
-                let stride = actual_format.stride;
-
-                if config.fps > 0 {
-                    if let Err(e) = device.set_params(&Parameters::with_fps(config.fps)) {
-                        warn!("Failed to set hardware FPS: {}", e);
-                    }
-                }
-
-                let mut stream = match MmapStream::with_buffers(
-                    &device,
-                    BufferType::VideoCapture,
                     buffer_count.max(1),
+                    Duration::from_secs(2),
                 ) {
-                    Ok(s) => s,
+                    Ok(stream) => stream,
                     Err(e) => {
-                        error!("Failed to create capture stream: {}", e);
+                        error!("Failed to open capture stream: {}", e);
                         let _ = pipeline.running.send(false);
                         pipeline.running_flag.store(false, Ordering::Release);
                         let _ = frame_seq_tx.send(1);
@@ -1333,10 +1313,28 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
                     }
                 };
 
+                let resolution = stream.resolution();
+                let pixel_format = stream.format();
+                let stride = stream.stride();
+
                 let mut no_subscribers_since: Option<Instant> = None;
                 let grace_period = Duration::from_secs(AUTO_STOP_GRACE_PERIOD_SECS);
                 let mut sequence: u64 = 0;
                 let mut validate_counter: u64 = 0;
+                let mut consecutive_timeouts: u32 = 0;
+                let capture_error_throttler = LogThrottler::with_secs(5);
+                let mut suppressed_capture_errors: HashMap<String, u64> = HashMap::new();
+
+                let classify_capture_error = |err: &std::io::Error| -> String {
+                    let message = err.to_string();
+                    if message.contains("dqbuf failed") && message.contains("EINVAL") {
+                        "capture_dqbuf_einval".to_string()
+                    } else if message.contains("dqbuf failed") {
+                        "capture_dqbuf".to_string()
+                    } else {
+                        format!("capture_{:?}", err.kind())
+                    }
+                };
 
                 while pipeline.running_flag.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
                     let subscriber_count = pipeline.subscriber_count();
@@ -1366,49 +1364,78 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
                         no_subscribers_since = None;
                     }
 
-                    let (buf, meta) = match stream.next() {
+                    let mut owned = buffer_pool.take(MIN_CAPTURE_FRAME_SIZE);
-                        Ok(frame_data) => frame_data,
+                    let meta = match stream.next_into(&mut owned) {
+                        Ok(meta) => {
+                            consecutive_timeouts = 0;
+                            meta
+                        }
                         Err(e) => {
                             if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::TimedOut {
+                                consecutive_timeouts = consecutive_timeouts.saturating_add(1);
                                 warn!("Capture timeout - no signal?");
+
+                                if consecutive_timeouts >= CAPTURE_TIMEOUT_RESTART_THRESHOLD {
+                                    warn!(
+                                        "Capture timed out {} consecutive times, restarting video pipeline",
+                                        consecutive_timeouts
+                                    );
+                                    let _ = pipeline.running.send(false);
+                                    pipeline.running_flag.store(false, Ordering::Release);
+                                    let _ = frame_seq_tx.send(sequence.wrapping_add(1));
+                                    break;
+                                }
                             } else {
-                                error!("Capture error: {}", e);
+                                consecutive_timeouts = 0;
+                                let key = classify_capture_error(&e);
+                                if capture_error_throttler.should_log(&key) {
+                                    let suppressed =
+                                        suppressed_capture_errors.remove(&key).unwrap_or(0);
+                                    if suppressed > 0 {
+                                        error!(
+                                            "Capture error: {} (suppressed {} repeats)",
+                                            e, suppressed
+                                        );
+                                    } else {
+                                        error!("Capture error: {}", e);
+                                    }
+                                } else {
+                                    let counter = suppressed_capture_errors.entry(key).or_insert(0);
+                                    *counter = counter.saturating_add(1);
+                                }
                             }
                             continue;
                         }
                     };
 
-                    let frame_size = meta.bytesused as usize;
+                    let frame_size = meta.bytes_used;
                     if frame_size < MIN_CAPTURE_FRAME_SIZE {
                         continue;
                     }
 
                     validate_counter = validate_counter.wrapping_add(1);
                     if pixel_format.is_compressed()
-                        && validate_counter % JPEG_VALIDATE_INTERVAL == 0
+                        && validate_counter.is_multiple_of(JPEG_VALIDATE_INTERVAL)
-                        && !VideoFrame::is_valid_jpeg_bytes(&buf[..frame_size])
+                        && !VideoFrame::is_valid_jpeg_bytes(&owned[..frame_size])
                     {
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    let mut owned = buffer_pool.take(frame_size);
+                    owned.truncate(frame_size);
-                    owned.resize(frame_size, 0);
-                    owned[..frame_size].copy_from_slice(&buf[..frame_size]);
                     let frame = Arc::new(VideoFrame::from_pooled(
                         Arc::new(FrameBuffer::new(owned, Some(buffer_pool.clone()))),
                         resolution,
                         pixel_format,
                         stride,
-                        sequence,
+                        meta.sequence,
                     ));
-                    sequence = sequence.wrapping_add(1);
+                    sequence = meta.sequence.wrapping_add(1);
 
                     {
                         let mut guard = latest_frame.write();
                         *guard = Some(frame);
                     }
                     let _ = frame_seq_tx.send(sequence);
-
                 }
 
                 pipeline.running_flag.store(false, Ordering::Release);
@@ -1473,7 +1500,11 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
             }
 
             let packet = pipeline.encode(raw_frame, pts_ms).map_err(|e| {
-                let detail = if e.is_empty() { ffmpeg_hw_last_error() } else { e };
+                let detail = if e.is_empty() {
+                    ffmpeg_hw_last_error()
+                } else {
+                    e
+                };
                 AppError::VideoError(format!("FFmpeg HW encode failed: {}", detail))
             })?;
 
@@ -1493,9 +1524,10 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
         }
 
         let decoded_buf = if input_format.is_compressed() {
-            let decoder = state.mjpeg_decoder.as_mut().ok_or_else(|| {
+            let decoder = state
-                AppError::VideoError("MJPEG decoder not initialized".to_string())
+                .mjpeg_decoder
-            })?;
+                .as_mut()
+                .ok_or_else(|| AppError::VideoError("MJPEG decoder not initialized".to_string()))?;
             let decoded = decoder.decode(raw_frame)?;
             Some(decoded)
         } else {
@@ -1525,16 +1557,18 @@ impl SharedVideoPipeline {
             debug!("[Pipeline] Keyframe will be generated for this frame");
         }
 
-        let encode_result = if needs_yuv420p && state.yuv420p_converter.is_some() {
+        let encode_result = if needs_yuv420p {
             // Software encoder with direct input conversion to YUV420P
-            let conv = state.yuv420p_converter.as_mut().unwrap();
+            if let Some(conv) = state.yuv420p_converter.as_mut() {
-            let yuv420p_data = conv
+                let yuv420p_data = conv.convert(raw_frame).map_err(|e| {
-                .convert(raw_frame)
+                    AppError::VideoError(format!("YUV420P conversion failed: {}", e))
-                .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("YUV420P conversion failed: {}", e)))?;
+                })?;
-            encoder.encode_raw(yuv420p_data, pts_ms)
+                encoder.encode_raw(yuv420p_data, pts_ms)
-        } else if state.nv12_converter.is_some() {
+            } else {
+                encoder.encode_raw(raw_frame, pts_ms)
+            }
+        } else if let Some(conv) = state.nv12_converter.as_mut() {
             // Hardware encoder with input conversion to NV12
-            let conv = state.nv12_converter.as_mut().unwrap();
             let nv12_data = conv
                 .convert(raw_frame)
                 .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("NV12 conversion failed: {}", e)))?;

src/video/stream_manager.rs

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::events::{EventBus, SystemEvent, VideoDeviceInfo};
 use crate::hid::HidController;
 use crate::stream::MjpegStreamHandler;
+use crate::video::codec_constraints::StreamCodecConstraints;
 use crate::video::format::{PixelFormat, Resolution};
 use crate::video::streamer::{Streamer, StreamerState};
 use crate::webrtc::WebRtcStreamer;
@@ -144,6 +145,16 @@ impl VideoStreamManager {
         *self.config_store.write().await = Some(config);
     }
 
+    /// Get current stream codec constraints derived from global configuration.
+    pub async fn codec_constraints(&self) -> StreamCodecConstraints {
+        if let Some(ref config_store) = *self.config_store.read().await {
+            let config = config_store.get();
+            StreamCodecConstraints::from_config(&config)
+        } else {
+            StreamCodecConstraints::unrestricted()
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Get current streaming mode
     pub async fn current_mode(&self) -> StreamMode {
         self.mode.read().await.clone()
@@ -718,9 +729,11 @@ impl VideoStreamManager {
     /// Returns None if video capture cannot be started or pipeline creation fails.
     pub async fn subscribe_encoded_frames(
         &self,
-    ) -> Option<tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver<std::sync::Arc<
+    ) -> Option<
-        crate::video::shared_video_pipeline::EncodedVideoFrame,
+        tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver<
-    >>> {
+            std::sync::Arc<crate::video::shared_video_pipeline::EncodedVideoFrame>,
+        >,
+    > {
         // 1. Ensure video capture is initialized (for config discovery)
         if self.streamer.state().await == StreamerState::Uninitialized {
             tracing::info!("Initializing video capture for encoded frame subscription");
@@ -756,7 +769,11 @@ impl VideoStreamManager {
         }
 
         // 3. Use WebRtcStreamer to ensure the shared video pipeline is running
-        match self.webrtc_streamer.ensure_video_pipeline_for_external().await {
+        match self
+            .webrtc_streamer
+            .ensure_video_pipeline_for_external()
+            .await
+        {
             Ok(pipeline) => Some(pipeline.subscribe()),
             Err(e) => {
                 tracing::error!("Failed to start shared video pipeline: {}", e);

src/video/streamer.rs

@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 //! This module provides a high-level interface for video capture and streaming,
 //! managing the lifecycle of the capture thread and MJPEG/WebRTC distribution.
 
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU32, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::time::Duration;
 use tokio::sync::RwLock;
 use tracing::{debug, error, info, trace, warn};
 
@@ -15,12 +17,8 @@ use super::frame::{FrameBuffer, FrameBufferPool, VideoFrame};
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
 use crate::events::{EventBus, SystemEvent};
 use crate::stream::MjpegStreamHandler;
-use v4l::buffer::Type as BufferType;
+use crate::utils::LogThrottler;
-use v4l::io::traits::CaptureStream;
+use crate::video::v4l2r_capture::V4l2rCaptureStream;
-use v4l::prelude::*;
-use v4l::video::capture::Parameters;
-use v4l::video::Capture;
-use v4l::Format;
 
 /// Minimum valid frame size for capture
 const MIN_CAPTURE_FRAME_SIZE: usize = 128;
@@ -573,11 +571,9 @@ impl Streamer {
                                 break;
                             }
                         }
-                    } else {
+                    } else if zero_since.is_some() {
-                        if zero_since.is_some() {
+                        info!("Clients reconnected, canceling auto-pause");
-                            info!("Clients reconnected, canceling auto-pause");
+                        zero_since = None;
-                            zero_since = None;
-                        }
                     }
                 }
             });
@@ -632,8 +628,7 @@ impl Streamer {
             }
         };
 
-        let mut device_opt: Option<Device> = None;
+        let mut stream_opt: Option<V4l2rCaptureStream> = None;
-        let mut format_opt: Option<Format> = None;
         let mut last_error: Option<String> = None;
 
         for attempt in 0..MAX_RETRIES {
@@ -642,8 +637,18 @@ impl Streamer {
                 return;
             }
 
-            let device = match Device::with_path(&device_path) {
+            match V4l2rCaptureStream::open(
-                Ok(d) => d,
+                &device_path,
+                config.resolution,
+                config.format,
+                config.fps,
+                BUFFER_COUNT,
+                Duration::from_secs(2),
+            ) {
+                Ok(stream) => {
+                    stream_opt = Some(stream);
+                    break;
+                }
                 Err(e) => {
                     let err_str = e.to_string();
                     if err_str.contains("busy") || err_str.contains("resource") {
@@ -660,42 +665,12 @@ impl Streamer {
                     last_error = Some(err_str);
                     break;
                 }
-            };
-
-            let requested = Format::new(
-                config.resolution.width,
-                config.resolution.height,
-                config.format.to_fourcc(),
-            );
-
-            match device.set_format(&requested) {
-                Ok(actual) => {
-                    device_opt = Some(device);
-                    format_opt = Some(actual);
-                    break;
-                }
-                Err(e) => {
-                    let err_str = e.to_string();
-                    if err_str.contains("busy") || err_str.contains("resource") {
-                        warn!(
-                            "Device busy on set_format attempt {}/{}, retrying in {}ms...",
-                            attempt + 1,
-                            MAX_RETRIES,
-                            RETRY_DELAY_MS
-                        );
-                        std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(RETRY_DELAY_MS));
-                        last_error = Some(err_str);
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    last_error = Some(err_str);
-                    break;
-                }
             }
         }
 
-        let (device, actual_format) = match (device_opt, format_opt) {
+        let mut stream = match stream_opt {
-            (Some(d), Some(f)) => (d, f),
+            Some(stream) => stream,
-            _ => {
+            None => {
                 error!(
                     "Failed to open device {:?}: {}",
                     device_path,
@@ -709,42 +684,35 @@ impl Streamer {
             }
         };
 
+        let resolution = stream.resolution();
+        let pixel_format = stream.format();
+        let stride = stream.stride();
+
         info!(
             "Capture format: {}x{} {:?} stride={}",
-            actual_format.width, actual_format.height, actual_format.fourcc, actual_format.stride
+            resolution.width, resolution.height, pixel_format, stride
         );
 
-        let resolution = Resolution::new(actual_format.width, actual_format.height);
-        let pixel_format =
-            PixelFormat::from_fourcc(actual_format.fourcc).unwrap_or(config.format);
-
-        if config.fps > 0 {
-            if let Err(e) = device.set_params(&Parameters::with_fps(config.fps)) {
-                warn!("Failed to set hardware FPS: {}", e);
-            }
-        }
-
-        let mut stream =
-            match MmapStream::with_buffers(&device, BufferType::VideoCapture, BUFFER_COUNT) {
-                Ok(s) => s,
-                Err(e) => {
-                    error!("Failed to create capture stream: {}", e);
-                    self.mjpeg_handler.set_offline();
-                    set_state(StreamerState::Error);
-                    self.direct_active.store(false, Ordering::SeqCst);
-                    self.current_fps.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
-                    return;
-                }
-            };
-
         let buffer_pool = Arc::new(FrameBufferPool::new(BUFFER_COUNT.max(4) as usize));
         let mut signal_present = true;
-        let mut sequence: u64 = 0;
         let mut validate_counter: u64 = 0;
         let mut idle_since: Option<std::time::Instant> = None;
 
         let mut fps_frame_count: u64 = 0;
         let mut last_fps_time = std::time::Instant::now();
+        let capture_error_throttler = LogThrottler::with_secs(5);
+        let mut suppressed_capture_errors: HashMap<String, u64> = HashMap::new();
+
+        let classify_capture_error = |err: &std::io::Error| -> String {
+            let message = err.to_string();
+            if message.contains("dqbuf failed") && message.contains("EINVAL") {
+                "capture_dqbuf_einval".to_string()
+            } else if message.contains("dqbuf failed") {
+                "capture_dqbuf".to_string()
+            } else {
+                format!("capture_{:?}", err.kind())
+            }
+        };
 
         while !self.direct_stop.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
             let mjpeg_clients = self.mjpeg_handler.client_count();
@@ -768,8 +736,9 @@ impl Streamer {
                 idle_since = None;
             }
 
-            let (buf, meta) = match stream.next() {
+            let mut owned = buffer_pool.take(MIN_CAPTURE_FRAME_SIZE);
-                Ok(frame_data) => frame_data,
+            let meta = match stream.next_into(&mut owned) {
+                Ok(meta) => meta,
                 Err(e) => {
                     if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::TimedOut {
                         if signal_present {
@@ -811,35 +780,43 @@ impl Streamer {
                         break;
                     }
 
-                    error!("Capture error: {}", e);
+                    let key = classify_capture_error(&e);
+                    if capture_error_throttler.should_log(&key) {
+                        let suppressed = suppressed_capture_errors.remove(&key).unwrap_or(0);
+                        if suppressed > 0 {
+                            error!("Capture error: {} (suppressed {} repeats)", e, suppressed);
+                        } else {
+                            error!("Capture error: {}", e);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        let counter = suppressed_capture_errors.entry(key).or_insert(0);
+                        *counter = counter.saturating_add(1);
+                    }
                     continue;
                 }
             };
 
-            let frame_size = meta.bytesused as usize;
+            let frame_size = meta.bytes_used;
             if frame_size < MIN_CAPTURE_FRAME_SIZE {
                 continue;
             }
 
             validate_counter = validate_counter.wrapping_add(1);
             if pixel_format.is_compressed()
-                && validate_counter % JPEG_VALIDATE_INTERVAL == 0
+                && validate_counter.is_multiple_of(JPEG_VALIDATE_INTERVAL)
-                && !VideoFrame::is_valid_jpeg_bytes(&buf[..frame_size])
+                && !VideoFrame::is_valid_jpeg_bytes(&owned[..frame_size])
             {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            let mut owned = buffer_pool.take(frame_size);
+            owned.truncate(frame_size);
-            owned.resize(frame_size, 0);
-            owned[..frame_size].copy_from_slice(&buf[..frame_size]);
             let frame = VideoFrame::from_pooled(
                 Arc::new(FrameBuffer::new(owned, Some(buffer_pool.clone()))),
                 resolution,
                 pixel_format,
-                actual_format.stride,
+                stride,
-                sequence,
+                meta.sequence,
             );
-            sequence = sequence.wrapping_add(1);
 
             if !signal_present {
                 signal_present = true;
@@ -985,7 +962,7 @@ impl Streamer {
                 *streamer.state.write().await = StreamerState::Recovering;
 
                 // Publish reconnecting event (every 5 attempts to avoid spam)
-                if attempt == 1 || attempt % 5 == 0 {
+                if attempt == 1 || attempt.is_multiple_of(5) {
                     streamer
                         .publish_event(SystemEvent::StreamReconnecting {
                             device: device_path.clone(),

src/video/v4l2r_capture.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+//! V4L2 capture implementation using v4l2r (ioctl layer).
+
+use std::fs::File;
+use std::io;
+use std::os::fd::AsFd;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use nix::poll::{poll, PollFd, PollFlags, PollTimeout};
+use tracing::{debug, warn};
+use v4l2r::bindings::{v4l2_requestbuffers, v4l2_streamparm, v4l2_streamparm__bindgen_ty_1};
+use v4l2r::ioctl::{
+    self, Capabilities, Capability as V4l2rCapability, MemoryConsistency, PlaneMapping, QBufPlane,
+    QBuffer, QueryBuffer, V4l2Buffer,
+};
+use v4l2r::memory::{MemoryType, MmapHandle};
+use v4l2r::{Format as V4l2rFormat, PixelFormat as V4l2rPixelFormat, QueueType};
+
+use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
+use crate::video::format::{PixelFormat, Resolution};
+
+/// Metadata for a captured frame.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct CaptureMeta {
+    pub bytes_used: usize,
+    pub sequence: u64,
+}
+
+/// V4L2 capture stream backed by v4l2r ioctl.
+pub struct V4l2rCaptureStream {
+    fd: File,
+    queue: QueueType,
+    resolution: Resolution,
+    format: PixelFormat,
+    stride: u32,
+    timeout: Duration,
+    mappings: Vec<Vec<PlaneMapping>>,
+}
+
+impl V4l2rCaptureStream {
+    pub fn open(
+        device_path: impl AsRef<Path>,
+        resolution: Resolution,
+        format: PixelFormat,
+        fps: u32,
+        buffer_count: u32,
+        timeout: Duration,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut fd = File::options()
+            .read(true)
+            .write(true)
+            .open(device_path.as_ref())
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to open device: {}", e)))?;
+
+        let caps: V4l2rCapability = ioctl::querycap(&fd)
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to query capabilities: {}", e)))?;
+        let caps_flags = caps.device_caps();
+
+        // Prefer multi-planar capture when available, as it is required for some
+        // devices/pixel formats (e.g. NV12 via VIDEO_CAPTURE_MPLANE).
+        let queue = if caps_flags.contains(Capabilities::VIDEO_CAPTURE_MPLANE) {
+            QueueType::VideoCaptureMplane
+        } else if caps_flags.contains(Capabilities::VIDEO_CAPTURE) {
+            QueueType::VideoCapture
+        } else {
+            return Err(AppError::VideoError(
+                "Device does not support capture queues".to_string(),
+            ));
+        };
+
+        let mut fmt: V4l2rFormat = ioctl::g_fmt(&fd, queue)
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to get device format: {}", e)))?;
+
+        fmt.width = resolution.width;
+        fmt.height = resolution.height;
+        fmt.pixelformat = V4l2rPixelFormat::from(&format.to_fourcc());
+
+        let actual_fmt: V4l2rFormat = ioctl::s_fmt(&mut fd, (queue, &fmt))
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to set device format: {}", e)))?;
+
+        let actual_resolution = Resolution::new(actual_fmt.width, actual_fmt.height);
+        let actual_format = PixelFormat::from_v4l2r(actual_fmt.pixelformat).unwrap_or(format);
+
+        let stride = actual_fmt
+            .plane_fmt
+            .first()
+            .map(|p| p.bytesperline)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| match actual_format.bytes_per_pixel() {
+                Some(bpp) => actual_resolution.width * bpp as u32,
+                None => actual_resolution.width,
+            });
+
+        if fps > 0 {
+            if let Err(e) = set_fps(&fd, queue, fps) {
+                warn!("Failed to set hardware FPS: {}", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let req: v4l2_requestbuffers = ioctl::reqbufs(
+            &fd,
+            queue,
+            MemoryType::Mmap,
+            buffer_count,
+            MemoryConsistency::empty(),
+        )
+        .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to request buffers: {}", e)))?;
+        let allocated = req.count as usize;
+        if allocated == 0 {
+            return Err(AppError::VideoError(
+                "Driver returned zero capture buffers".to_string(),
+            ));
+        }
+
+        let mut mappings = Vec::with_capacity(allocated);
+        for index in 0..allocated as u32 {
+            let query: QueryBuffer = ioctl::querybuf(&fd, queue, index as usize).map_err(|e| {
+                AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to query buffer {}: {}", index, e))
+            })?;
+
+            if query.planes.is_empty() {
+                return Err(AppError::VideoError(format!(
+                    "Driver returned zero planes for buffer {}",
+                    index
+                )));
+            }
+
+            let mut plane_maps = Vec::with_capacity(query.planes.len());
+            for plane in &query.planes {
+                let mapping = ioctl::mmap(&fd, plane.mem_offset, plane.length).map_err(|e| {
+                    AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to mmap buffer {}: {}", index, e))
+                })?;
+                plane_maps.push(mapping);
+            }
+            mappings.push(plane_maps);
+        }
+
+        let mut stream = Self {
+            fd,
+            queue,
+            resolution: actual_resolution,
+            format: actual_format,
+            stride,
+            timeout,
+            mappings,
+        };
+
+        stream.queue_all_buffers()?;
+        ioctl::streamon(&stream.fd, stream.queue)
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to start capture stream: {}", e)))?;
+
+        Ok(stream)
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolution(&self) -> Resolution {
+        self.resolution
+    }
+
+    pub fn format(&self) -> PixelFormat {
+        self.format
+    }
+
+    pub fn stride(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.stride
+    }
+
+    pub fn next_into(&mut self, dst: &mut Vec<u8>) -> io::Result<CaptureMeta> {
+        self.wait_ready()?;
+
+        let dqbuf: V4l2Buffer = ioctl::dqbuf(&self.fd, self.queue)
+            .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(format!("dqbuf failed: {}", e)))?;
+        let index = dqbuf.as_v4l2_buffer().index as usize;
+        let sequence = dqbuf.as_v4l2_buffer().sequence as u64;
+
+        let mut total = 0usize;
+        for (plane_idx, plane) in dqbuf.planes_iter().enumerate() {
+            let bytes_used = *plane.bytesused as usize;
+            let data_offset = plane.data_offset.copied().unwrap_or(0) as usize;
+            if bytes_used == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mapping = &self.mappings[index][plane_idx];
+            let start = data_offset.min(mapping.len());
+            let end = (data_offset + bytes_used).min(mapping.len());
+            total += end.saturating_sub(start);
+        }
+
+        dst.resize(total, 0);
+        let mut cursor = 0usize;
+        for (plane_idx, plane) in dqbuf.planes_iter().enumerate() {
+            let bytes_used = *plane.bytesused as usize;
+            let data_offset = plane.data_offset.copied().unwrap_or(0) as usize;
+            if bytes_used == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            let mapping = &self.mappings[index][plane_idx];
+            let start = data_offset.min(mapping.len());
+            let end = (data_offset + bytes_used).min(mapping.len());
+            let len = end.saturating_sub(start);
+            if len == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            dst[cursor..cursor + len].copy_from_slice(&mapping[start..end]);
+            cursor += len;
+        }
+
+        self.queue_buffer(index as u32)
+            .map_err(|e| io::Error::other(e.to_string()))?;
+
+        Ok(CaptureMeta {
+            bytes_used: total,
+            sequence,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn wait_ready(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        if self.timeout.is_zero() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let mut fds = [PollFd::new(self.fd.as_fd(), PollFlags::POLLIN)];
+        let timeout_ms = self.timeout.as_millis().min(u16::MAX as u128) as u16;
+        let ready = poll(&mut fds, PollTimeout::from(timeout_ms))?;
+        if ready == 0 {
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::TimedOut, "capture timeout"));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn queue_all_buffers(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        for index in 0..self.mappings.len() as u32 {
+            self.queue_buffer(index)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn queue_buffer(&mut self, index: u32) -> Result<()> {
+        let handle = MmapHandle;
+        let planes = self.mappings[index as usize]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|mapping| {
+                let mut plane = QBufPlane::new_from_handle(&handle, 0);
+                plane.0.length = mapping.len() as u32;
+                plane
+            })
+            .collect();
+        let mut qbuf: QBuffer<MmapHandle> = QBuffer::new(self.queue, index);
+        qbuf.planes = planes;
+        ioctl::qbuf::<_, ()>(&self.fd, qbuf)
+            .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to queue buffer: {}", e)))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for V4l2rCaptureStream {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        if let Err(e) = ioctl::streamoff(&self.fd, self.queue) {
+            debug!("Failed to stop capture stream: {}", e);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn set_fps(fd: &File, queue: QueueType, fps: u32) -> Result<()> {
+    let mut params = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed::<v4l2_streamparm>() };
+    params.type_ = queue as u32;
+    params.parm = v4l2_streamparm__bindgen_ty_1 {
+        capture: v4l2r::bindings::v4l2_captureparm {
+            timeperframe: v4l2r::bindings::v4l2_fract {
+                numerator: 1,
+                denominator: fps,
+            },
+            ..unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() }
+        },
+    };
+
+    let _actual: v4l2_streamparm = ioctl::s_parm(fd, params)
+        .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to set FPS: {}", e)))?;
+    Ok(())
+}

src/video/video_session.rs

@@ -326,7 +326,6 @@ impl VideoSessionManager {
             bitrate_preset: self.config.bitrate_preset,
             fps: self.config.fps,
             encoder_backend: self.config.encoder_backend,
-            ..Default::default()
         };
 
         // Create new pipeline

src/web/handlers/config/apply.rs

@@ -7,7 +7,11 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use crate::config::*;
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
 use crate::events::SystemEvent;
+use crate::rtsp::RtspService;
 use crate::state::AppState;
+use crate::video::codec_constraints::{
+    enforce_constraints_with_stream_manager, StreamCodecConstraints,
+};
 
 /// 应用 Video 配置变更
 pub async fn apply_video_config(
@@ -191,9 +195,7 @@ pub async fn apply_hid_config(
 
     // Low-endpoint UDCs (e.g., musb) cannot handle consumer control endpoints reliably
     if new_config.backend == HidBackend::Otg {
-        if let Some(udc) =
+        if let Some(udc) = crate::otg::configfs::resolve_udc_name(new_config.otg_udc.as_deref()) {
-            crate::otg::configfs::resolve_udc_name(new_config.otg_udc.as_deref())
-        {
             if crate::otg::configfs::is_low_endpoint_udc(&udc) && new_hid_functions.consumer {
                 tracing::warn!(
                     "UDC {} has low endpoint resources, disabling consumer control",
@@ -446,6 +448,15 @@ pub async fn apply_audio_config(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// Apply stream codec constraints derived from global config.
+pub async fn enforce_stream_codec_constraints(state: &Arc<AppState>) -> Result<Option<String>> {
+    let config = state.config.get();
+    let constraints = StreamCodecConstraints::from_config(&config);
+    let enforcement =
+        enforce_constraints_with_stream_manager(&state.stream_manager, &constraints).await?;
+    Ok(enforcement.message)
+}
+
 /// 应用 RustDesk 配置变更
 pub async fn apply_rustdesk_config(
     state: &Arc<AppState>,
@@ -455,6 +466,7 @@ pub async fn apply_rustdesk_config(
     tracing::info!("Applying RustDesk config changes...");
 
     let mut rustdesk_guard = state.rustdesk.write().await;
+    let mut credentials_to_save = None;
 
     // Check if service needs to be stopped
     if old_config.enabled && !new_config.enabled {
@@ -466,7 +478,6 @@ pub async fn apply_rustdesk_config(
             tracing::info!("RustDesk service stopped");
         }
         *rustdesk_guard = None;
-        return Ok(());
     }
 
     // Check if service needs to be started or restarted
@@ -475,8 +486,6 @@ pub async fn apply_rustdesk_config(
             || old_config.device_id != new_config.device_id
             || old_config.device_password != new_config.device_password;
 
-        let mut credentials_to_save = None;
-
         if rustdesk_guard.is_none() {
             // Create new service
             tracing::info!("Initializing RustDesk service...");
@@ -509,28 +518,82 @@ pub async fn apply_rustdesk_config(
                 }
             }
         }
+    }
 
-        // Save credentials to persistent config store (outside the lock)
+    // Save credentials to persistent config store (outside the lock)
-        drop(rustdesk_guard);
+    drop(rustdesk_guard);
-        if let Some(updated_config) = credentials_to_save {
+    if let Some(updated_config) = credentials_to_save {
-            tracing::info!("Saving RustDesk credentials to config store...");
+        tracing::info!("Saving RustDesk credentials to config store...");
-            if let Err(e) = state
+        if let Err(e) = state
-                .config
+            .config
-                .update(|cfg| {
+            .update(|cfg| {
-                    cfg.rustdesk.public_key = updated_config.public_key.clone();
+                cfg.rustdesk.public_key = updated_config.public_key.clone();
-                    cfg.rustdesk.private_key = updated_config.private_key.clone();
+                cfg.rustdesk.private_key = updated_config.private_key.clone();
-                    cfg.rustdesk.signing_public_key = updated_config.signing_public_key.clone();
+                cfg.rustdesk.signing_public_key = updated_config.signing_public_key.clone();
-                    cfg.rustdesk.signing_private_key = updated_config.signing_private_key.clone();
+                cfg.rustdesk.signing_private_key = updated_config.signing_private_key.clone();
-                    cfg.rustdesk.uuid = updated_config.uuid.clone();
+                cfg.rustdesk.uuid = updated_config.uuid.clone();
-                })
+            })
-                .await
+            .await
-            {
+        {
-                tracing::warn!("Failed to save RustDesk credentials: {}", e);
+            tracing::warn!("Failed to save RustDesk credentials: {}", e);
-            } else {
+        } else {
-                tracing::info!("RustDesk credentials saved successfully");
+            tracing::info!("RustDesk credentials saved successfully");
-            }
         }
     }
 
+    if let Some(message) = enforce_stream_codec_constraints(state).await? {
+        tracing::info!("{}", message);
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// 应用 RTSP 配置变更
+pub async fn apply_rtsp_config(
+    state: &Arc<AppState>,
+    old_config: &RtspConfig,
+    new_config: &RtspConfig,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    tracing::info!("Applying RTSP config changes...");
+
+    let mut rtsp_guard = state.rtsp.write().await;
+
+    if old_config.enabled && !new_config.enabled {
+        if let Some(ref service) = *rtsp_guard {
+            if let Err(e) = service.stop().await {
+                tracing::error!("Failed to stop RTSP service: {}", e);
+            }
+        }
+        *rtsp_guard = None;
+    }
+
+    if new_config.enabled {
+        let need_restart = old_config.bind != new_config.bind
+            || old_config.port != new_config.port
+            || old_config.path != new_config.path
+            || old_config.codec != new_config.codec
+            || old_config.username != new_config.username
+            || old_config.password != new_config.password
+            || old_config.allow_one_client != new_config.allow_one_client;
+
+        if rtsp_guard.is_none() {
+            let service = RtspService::new(new_config.clone(), state.stream_manager.clone());
+            service.start().await?;
+            tracing::info!("RTSP service started");
+            *rtsp_guard = Some(Arc::new(service));
+        } else if need_restart {
+            if let Some(ref service) = *rtsp_guard {
+                service.restart(new_config.clone()).await?;
+                tracing::info!("RTSP service restarted");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    drop(rtsp_guard);
+
+    if let Some(message) = enforce_stream_codec_constraints(state).await? {
+        tracing::info!("{}", message);
+    }
+
     Ok(())
 }

src/web/handlers/config/mod.rs

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ mod audio;
 mod auth;
 mod hid;
 mod msd;
+mod rtsp;
 mod rustdesk;
 mod stream;
 pub(crate) mod video;
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ pub use audio::{get_audio_config, update_audio_config};
 pub use auth::{get_auth_config, update_auth_config};
 pub use hid::{get_hid_config, update_hid_config};
 pub use msd::{get_msd_config, update_msd_config};
+pub use rtsp::{get_rtsp_config, get_rtsp_status, update_rtsp_config};
 pub use rustdesk::{
     get_device_password, get_rustdesk_config, get_rustdesk_status, regenerate_device_id,
     regenerate_device_password, update_rustdesk_config,
@@ -50,10 +52,29 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use crate::config::AppConfig;
 use crate::state::AppState;
 
+fn sanitize_config_for_api(config: &mut AppConfig) {
+    // Auth secrets
+    config.auth.totp_secret = None;
+
+    // Stream secrets
+    config.stream.turn_password = None;
+
+    // RustDesk secrets
+    config.rustdesk.device_password.clear();
+    config.rustdesk.relay_key = None;
+    config.rustdesk.public_key = None;
+    config.rustdesk.private_key = None;
+    config.rustdesk.signing_public_key = None;
+    config.rustdesk.signing_private_key = None;
+
+    // RTSP secrets
+    config.rtsp.password = None;
+}
+
 /// 获取完整配置
 pub async fn get_all_config(State(state): State<Arc<AppState>>) -> Json<AppConfig> {
     let mut config = (*state.config.get()).clone();
     // 不暴露敏感信息
-    config.auth.totp_secret = None;
+    sanitize_config_for_api(&mut config);
     Json(config)
 }

src/web/handlers/config/rtsp.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+use axum::{extract::State, Json};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
+use crate::state::AppState;
+
+use super::apply::apply_rtsp_config;
+use super::types::{RtspConfigResponse, RtspConfigUpdate, RtspStatusResponse};
+
+/// Get RTSP config
+pub async fn get_rtsp_config(State(state): State<Arc<AppState>>) -> Json<RtspConfigResponse> {
+    let config = state.config.get();
+    Json(RtspConfigResponse::from(&config.rtsp))
+}
+
+/// Get RTSP status (config + service status)
+pub async fn get_rtsp_status(State(state): State<Arc<AppState>>) -> Json<RtspStatusResponse> {
+    let config = state.config.get().rtsp.clone();
+    let status = {
+        let guard = state.rtsp.read().await;
+        if let Some(ref service) = *guard {
+            service.status().await
+        } else {
+            crate::rtsp::RtspServiceStatus::Stopped
+        }
+    };
+
+    Json(RtspStatusResponse::new(&config, status))
+}
+
+/// Update RTSP config
+pub async fn update_rtsp_config(
+    State(state): State<Arc<AppState>>,
+    Json(req): Json<RtspConfigUpdate>,
+) -> Result<Json<RtspConfigResponse>> {
+    req.validate()?;
+
+    let old_config = state.config.get().rtsp.clone();
+
+    state
+        .config
+        .update(|config| {
+            req.apply_to(&mut config.rtsp);
+        })
+        .await?;
+
+    let new_config = state.config.get().rtsp.clone();
+    if let Err(err) = apply_rtsp_config(&state, &old_config, &new_config).await {
+        tracing::error!("Failed to apply RTSP config: {}", err);
+        if let Err(rollback_err) = state
+            .config
+            .update(|config| {
+                config.rtsp = old_config.clone();
+            })
+            .await
+        {
+            tracing::error!(
+                "Failed to rollback RTSP config after apply failure: {}",
+                rollback_err
+            );
+            return Err(AppError::ServiceUnavailable(format!(
+                "RTSP apply failed: {}; rollback failed: {}",
+                err, rollback_err
+            )));
+        }
+        return Err(err);
+    }
+
+    Ok(Json(RtspConfigResponse::from(&new_config)))
+}

src/web/handlers/config/rustdesk.rs

@@ -106,6 +106,15 @@ pub async fn update_rustdesk_config(
         tracing::error!("Failed to apply RustDesk config: {}", e);
     }
 
+    // Share a non-sensitive summary for frontend UX
+    let constraints = state.stream_manager.codec_constraints().await;
+    if constraints.rustdesk_enabled || constraints.rtsp_enabled {
+        tracing::info!(
+            "Stream codec constraints active after RustDesk update: {}",
+            constraints.reason
+        );
+    }
+
     Ok(Json(RustDeskConfigResponse::from(&new_config)))
 }
 
@@ -139,7 +148,7 @@ pub async fn regenerate_device_password(
     Ok(Json(RustDeskConfigResponse::from(&new_config)))
 }
 
-/// 获取设备密码（管理员专用）
+/// 获取设备密码（已认证用户）
 pub async fn get_device_password(State(state): State<Arc<AppState>>) -> Json<serde_json::Value> {
     let config = state.config.get().rustdesk.clone();
     Json(serde_json::json!({

src/web/handlers/config/stream.rs

@@ -42,5 +42,10 @@ pub async fn update_stream_config(
         tracing::error!("Failed to apply stream config: {}", e);
     }
 
+    // 6. Enforce codec constraints after any stream config update
+    if let Err(e) = super::apply::enforce_stream_codec_constraints(&state).await {
+        tracing::error!("Failed to enforce stream codec constraints: {}", e);
+    }
+
     Ok(Json(StreamConfigResponse::from(&new_stream_config)))
 }

src/web/handlers/config/types.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::config::*;
 use crate::error::AppError;
+use crate::rtsp::RtspServiceStatus;
 use crate::rustdesk::config::RustDeskConfig;
 use crate::video::encoder::BitratePreset;
 use serde::Deserialize;
@@ -604,6 +605,124 @@ impl RustDeskConfigUpdate {
     }
 }
 
+// ===== RTSP Config =====
+#[typeshare]
+#[derive(Debug, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct RtspConfigResponse {
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    pub bind: String,
+    pub port: u16,
+    pub path: String,
+    pub allow_one_client: bool,
+    pub codec: RtspCodec,
+    pub username: Option<String>,
+    pub has_password: bool,
+}
+
+impl From<&RtspConfig> for RtspConfigResponse {
+    fn from(config: &RtspConfig) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            enabled: config.enabled,
+            bind: config.bind.clone(),
+            port: config.port,
+            path: config.path.clone(),
+            allow_one_client: config.allow_one_client,
+            codec: config.codec.clone(),
+            username: config.username.clone(),
+            has_password: config.password.is_some(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[typeshare]
+#[derive(Debug, serde::Serialize)]
+pub struct RtspStatusResponse {
+    pub config: RtspConfigResponse,
+    pub service_status: String,
+}
+
+impl RtspStatusResponse {
+    pub fn new(config: &RtspConfig, status: RtspServiceStatus) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            config: RtspConfigResponse::from(config),
+            service_status: status.to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[typeshare]
+#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
+pub struct RtspConfigUpdate {
+    pub enabled: Option<bool>,
+    pub bind: Option<String>,
+    pub port: Option<u16>,
+    pub path: Option<String>,
+    pub allow_one_client: Option<bool>,
+    pub codec: Option<RtspCodec>,
+    pub username: Option<String>,
+    pub password: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl RtspConfigUpdate {
+    pub fn validate(&self) -> crate::error::Result<()> {
+        if let Some(port) = self.port {
+            if port == 0 {
+                return Err(AppError::BadRequest("RTSP port cannot be 0".into()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref bind) = self.bind {
+            if bind.parse::<std::net::IpAddr>().is_err() {
+                return Err(AppError::BadRequest("RTSP bind must be a valid IP".into()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(ref path) = self.path {
+            let normalized = path.trim_matches('/');
+            if normalized.is_empty() {
+                return Err(AppError::BadRequest("RTSP path cannot be empty".into()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    pub fn apply_to(&self, config: &mut RtspConfig) {
+        if let Some(enabled) = self.enabled {
+            config.enabled = enabled;
+        }
+        if let Some(ref bind) = self.bind {
+            config.bind = bind.clone();
+        }
+        if let Some(port) = self.port {
+            config.port = port;
+        }
+        if let Some(ref path) = self.path {
+            config.path = path.trim_matches('/').to_string();
+        }
+        if let Some(allow_one_client) = self.allow_one_client {
+            config.allow_one_client = allow_one_client;
+        }
+        if let Some(codec) = self.codec.clone() {
+            config.codec = codec;
+        }
+        if let Some(ref username) = self.username {
+            config.username = if username.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(username.clone())
+            };
+        }
+        if let Some(ref password) = self.password {
+            config.password = if password.is_empty() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(password.clone())
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // ===== Web Config =====
 #[typeshare]
 #[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]

src/web/handlers/extensions.rs

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ pub async fn start_extension(
     // Start the extension
     mgr.start(ext_id, &config.extensions)
         .await
-        .map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(e))?;
+        .map_err(AppError::Internal)?;
 
     // Return updated status
     Ok(Json(ExtensionInfo {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ pub async fn stop_extension(
     let mgr = &state.extensions;
 
     // Stop the extension
-    mgr.stop(ext_id).await.map_err(|e| AppError::Internal(e))?;
+    mgr.stop(ext_id).await.map_err(AppError::Internal)?;
 
     // Return updated status
     Ok(Json(ExtensionInfo {
@@ -156,7 +156,6 @@ pub struct TtydConfigUpdate {
     pub enabled: Option<bool>,
     pub port: Option<u16>,
     pub shell: Option<String>,
-    pub credential: Option<String>,
 }
 
 /// Update gostc config
@@ -203,9 +202,6 @@ pub async fn update_ttyd_config(
             if let Some(ref shell) = req.shell {
                 ttyd.shell = shell.clone();
             }
-            if req.credential.is_some() {
-                ttyd.credential = req.credential.clone();
-            }
         })
         .await?;
 
@@ -263,14 +259,16 @@ pub async fn update_gostc_config(
 
     if was_enabled && !is_enabled {
         state.extensions.stop(ExtensionId::Gostc).await.ok();
-    } else if !was_enabled && is_enabled && has_key {
+    } else if !was_enabled
-        if state.extensions.check_available(ExtensionId::Gostc) {
+        && is_enabled
-            state
+        && has_key
-                .extensions
+        && state.extensions.check_available(ExtensionId::Gostc)
-                .start(ExtensionId::Gostc, &new_config.extensions)
+    {
-                .await
+        state
-                .ok();
+            .extensions
-        }
+            .start(ExtensionId::Gostc, &new_config.extensions)
+            .await
+            .ok();
     }
 
     Ok(Json(new_config.extensions.gostc.clone()))
@@ -312,14 +310,16 @@ pub async fn update_easytier_config(
 
     if was_enabled && !is_enabled {
         state.extensions.stop(ExtensionId::Easytier).await.ok();
-    } else if !was_enabled && is_enabled && has_name {
+    } else if !was_enabled
-        if state.extensions.check_available(ExtensionId::Easytier) {
+        && is_enabled
-            state
+        && has_name
-                .extensions
+        && state.extensions.check_available(ExtensionId::Easytier)
-                .start(ExtensionId::Easytier, &new_config.extensions)
+    {
-                .await
+        state
-                .ok();
+            .extensions
-        }
+            .start(ExtensionId::Easytier, &new_config.extensions)
+            .await
+            .ok();
     }
 
     Ok(Json(new_config.extensions.easytier.clone()))

src/web/routes.rs

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ pub fn create_router(state: Arc<AppState>) -> Router {
         .route("/stream/mode", post(handlers::stream_mode_set))
         .route("/stream/bitrate", post(handlers::stream_set_bitrate))
         .route("/stream/codecs", get(handlers::stream_codecs_list))
+        .route("/stream/constraints", get(handlers::stream_constraints_get))
         // WebRTC endpoints
         .route("/webrtc/session", post(handlers::webrtc_create_session))
         .route("/webrtc/offer", post(handlers::webrtc_offer))
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ pub fn create_router(state: Arc<AppState>) -> Router {
         .route("/webrtc/close", post(handlers::webrtc_close_session))
         // HID endpoints
         .route("/hid/status", get(handlers::hid_status))
+        .route("/hid/otg/self-check", get(handlers::hid_otg_self_check))
         .route("/hid/reset", post(handlers::hid_reset))
         // WebSocket HID endpoint (for MJPEG mode)
         .route("/ws/hid", any(ws_hid_handler))
@@ -120,6 +122,13 @@ pub fn create_router(state: Arc<AppState>) -> Router {
             "/config/rustdesk/regenerate-password",
             post(handlers::config::regenerate_device_password),
         )
+        // RTSP configuration endpoints
+        .route("/config/rtsp", get(handlers::config::get_rtsp_config))
+        .route("/config/rtsp", patch(handlers::config::update_rtsp_config))
+        .route(
+            "/config/rtsp/status",
+            get(handlers::config::get_rtsp_status),
+        )
         // Web server configuration
         .route("/config/web", get(handlers::config::get_web_config))
         .route("/config/web", patch(handlers::config::update_web_config))
@@ -128,6 +137,9 @@ pub fn create_router(state: Arc<AppState>) -> Router {
         .route("/config/auth", patch(handlers::config::update_auth_config))
         // System control
         .route("/system/restart", post(handlers::system_restart))
+        .route("/update/overview", get(handlers::update_overview))
+        .route("/update/upgrade", post(handlers::update_upgrade))
+        .route("/update/status", get(handlers::update_status))
         // MSD (Mass Storage Device) endpoints
         .route("/msd/status", get(handlers::msd_status))
         .route("/msd/images", get(handlers::msd_images_list))
@@ -158,6 +170,7 @@ pub fn create_router(state: Arc<AppState>) -> Router {
         .route("/atx/status", get(handlers::atx_status))
         .route("/atx/power", post(handlers::atx_power))
         .route("/atx/wol", post(handlers::atx_wol))
+        .route("/atx/wol/history", get(handlers::atx_wol_history))
         // Device discovery endpoints
         .route("/devices/atx", get(handlers::devices::list_atx_devices))
         // Extension management endpoints

src/web/static_files.rs

@@ -127,14 +127,14 @@ fn try_serve_file(path: &str) -> Option<Response<Body>> {
                     .first_or_octet_stream()
                     .to_string();
 
-                return Some(
+                Some(
                     Response::builder()
                         .status(StatusCode::OK)
                         .header(header::CONTENT_TYPE, mime)
                         .header(header::CACHE_CONTROL, "public, max-age=86400")
                         .body(Body::from(data))
                         .unwrap(),
-                );
+                )
             }
             Err(e) => {
                 tracing::debug!(
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ fn try_serve_file(path: &str) -> Option<Response<Body>> {
                     file_path.display(),
                     e
                 );
-                return None;
+                None
             }
         }
     }

src/webrtc/config.rs

@@ -108,19 +108,15 @@ impl TurnServer {
 /// Video codec preference
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
+#[derive(Default)]
 pub enum VideoCodec {
+    #[default]
     H264,
     VP8,
     VP9,
     AV1,
 }
 
-impl Default for VideoCodec {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self::H264
-    }
-}
-
 impl std::fmt::Display for VideoCodec {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {

src/webrtc/mdns.rs

@@ -18,7 +18,9 @@ pub fn mdns_mode_from_env() -> Option<MulticastDnsMode> {
 }
 
 pub fn mdns_mode() -> MulticastDnsMode {
-    mdns_mode_from_env().unwrap_or(MulticastDnsMode::QueryAndGather)
+    // Default to QueryOnly to avoid gathering .local host candidates by default.
+    // This is generally more stable for LAN first-connection while preserving mDNS queries.
+    mdns_mode_from_env().unwrap_or(MulticastDnsMode::QueryOnly)
 }
 
 pub fn mdns_mode_label(mode: MulticastDnsMode) -> &'static str {

src/webrtc/peer.rs

@@ -93,7 +93,6 @@ impl PeerConnection {
                 urls: turn.urls.clone(),
                 username: turn.username.clone(),
                 credential: turn.credential.clone(),
-                ..Default::default()
             });
         }
 
@@ -318,14 +317,26 @@ impl PeerConnection {
             .await
             .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to create answer: {}", e)))?;
 
+        // Wait for ICE gathering complete (or timeout) after setting local description.
+        // This improves first-connection robustness by returning a fuller initial candidate set.
+        let mut gather_complete = self.pc.gathering_complete_promise().await;
+
         // Set local description
         self.pc
             .set_local_description(answer.clone())
             .await
             .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to set local description: {}", e)))?;
 
-        // Wait a bit for ICE candidates to gather
+        const ICE_GATHER_TIMEOUT: tokio::time::Duration = tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(2500);
-        tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        if tokio::time::timeout(ICE_GATHER_TIMEOUT, gather_complete.recv())
+            .await
+            .is_err()
+        {
+            debug!(
+                "ICE gathering timeout after {:?} for session {}",
+                ICE_GATHER_TIMEOUT, self.session_id
+            );
+        }
 
         // Get gathered ICE candidates
         let candidates = self.ice_candidates.lock().await.clone();

src/webrtc/rtp.rs

@@ -330,9 +330,7 @@ impl OpusAudioTrack {
             stream_id.to_string(),
         ));
 
-        Self {
+        Self { track }
-            track,
-        }
     }
 
     /// Get the underlying WebRTC track
@@ -365,13 +363,10 @@ impl OpusAudioTrack {
             ..Default::default()
         };
 
-        self.track
+        self.track.write_sample(&sample).await.map_err(|e| {
-            .write_sample(&sample)
+            error!("Failed to write Opus sample: {}", e);
-            .await
+            AppError::WebRtcError(format!("Failed to write audio sample: {}", e))
-            .map_err(|e| {
+        })
-                error!("Failed to write Opus sample: {}", e);
-                AppError::WebRtcError(format!("Failed to write audio sample: {}", e))
-            })
     }
 }
 

src/webrtc/track.rs

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ impl VideoTrack {
         let data = frame.data();
         let max_payload_size = 1200; // MTU - headers
 
-        let packet_count = (data.len() + max_payload_size - 1) / max_payload_size;
+        let packet_count = data.len().div_ceil(max_payload_size);
         let mut bytes_sent = 0u64;
 
         for i in 0..packet_count {

src/webrtc/universal_session.rs

@@ -292,7 +292,6 @@ impl UniversalSession {
                 urls: turn.urls.clone(),
                 username: turn.username.clone(),
                 credential: turn.credential.clone(),
-                ..Default::default()
             });
         }
 
@@ -430,7 +429,9 @@ impl UniversalSession {
                         let candidate = IceCandidate {
                             candidate: candidate_str,
                             sdp_mid: candidate_json.as_ref().and_then(|j| j.sdp_mid.clone()),
-                            sdp_mline_index: candidate_json.as_ref().and_then(|j| j.sdp_mline_index),
+                            sdp_mline_index: candidate_json
+                                .as_ref()
+                                .and_then(|j| j.sdp_mline_index),
                             username_fragment: candidate_json
                                 .as_ref()
                                 .and_then(|j| j.username_fragment.clone()),
@@ -615,20 +616,15 @@ impl UniversalSession {
                         };
 
                         // Verify codec matches
-                        let frame_codec = match encoded_frame.codec {
+                        let frame_codec = encoded_frame.codec;
-                            VideoEncoderType::H264 => VideoEncoderType::H264,
-                            VideoEncoderType::H265 => VideoEncoderType::H265,
-                            VideoEncoderType::VP8 => VideoEncoderType::VP8,
-                            VideoEncoderType::VP9 => VideoEncoderType::VP9,
-                        };
 
                         if frame_codec != expected_codec {
                             continue;
                         }
 
                         // Debug log for H265 frames
-                        if expected_codec == VideoEncoderType::H265 {
+                        if expected_codec == VideoEncoderType::H265
-                            if encoded_frame.is_keyframe || frames_sent % 30 == 0 {
+                                && (encoded_frame.is_keyframe || frames_sent.is_multiple_of(30)) {
                                 debug!(
                                     "[Session-H265] Received frame #{}: size={}, keyframe={}, seq={}",
                                     frames_sent,
@@ -637,7 +633,6 @@ impl UniversalSession {
                                     encoded_frame.sequence
                                 );
                             }
-                        }
 
                         // Ensure decoder starts from a keyframe and recover on gaps.
                         let mut gap_detected = false;
@@ -768,7 +763,7 @@ impl UniversalSession {
                         // 20ms at 48kHz = 960 samples
                         let samples = 960u32;
                         if let Err(e) = audio_track.write_packet(&opus_frame.data, samples).await {
-                            if packets_sent % 100 == 0 {
+                            if packets_sent.is_multiple_of(100) {
                                 debug!("Failed to write audio packet: {}", e);
                             }
                         } else {
@@ -838,13 +833,24 @@ impl UniversalSession {
             }
         }
 
+        let mut gather_complete = self.pc.gathering_complete_promise().await;
+
         self.pc
             .set_local_description(answer.clone())
             .await
             .map_err(|e| AppError::VideoError(format!("Failed to set local description: {}", e)))?;
 
-        // Wait for ICE candidates
+        // Wait for ICE gathering complete (or timeout) to return a fuller initial candidate set.
-        tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        const ICE_GATHER_TIMEOUT: Duration = Duration::from_millis(2500);
+        if tokio::time::timeout(ICE_GATHER_TIMEOUT, gather_complete.recv())
+            .await
+            .is_err()
+        {
+            debug!(
+                "ICE gathering timeout after {:?} for session {}",
+                ICE_GATHER_TIMEOUT, self.session_id
+            );
+        }
 
         let candidates = self.ice_candidates.lock().await.clone();
         Ok(SdpAnswer::with_candidates(answer.sdp, candidates))

src/webrtc/video_track.rs

@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ impl UniversalVideoTrack {
     }
 
     /// Get current statistics
-
+    ///
     /// Write an encoded frame to the track
     ///
     /// Handles codec-specific processing:
@@ -464,7 +464,6 @@ impl UniversalVideoTrack {
             if let Err(e) = rtp_track.write_rtp(&packet).await {
                 trace!("H265 write_rtp failed: {}", e);
             }
-
         }
 
         Ok(())

src/webrtc/webrtc_streamer.rs

@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ use tokio::sync::RwLock;
 use tracing::{debug, info, trace, warn};
 
 use crate::audio::{AudioController, OpusFrame};
-use crate::events::EventBus;
 use crate::error::{AppError, Result};
+use crate::events::EventBus;
 use crate::hid::HidController;
 use crate::video::encoder::registry::EncoderBackend;
 use crate::video::encoder::registry::VideoEncoderType;
@@ -250,6 +250,33 @@ impl WebRtcStreamer {
         }
     }
 
+    fn should_stop_pipeline(session_count: usize, subscriber_count: usize) -> bool {
+        session_count == 0 && subscriber_count == 0
+    }
+
+    async fn stop_pipeline_if_idle(&self, reason: &str) {
+        let session_count = self.sessions.read().await.len();
+        let pipeline = self.video_pipeline.read().await.clone();
+
+        let Some(pipeline) = pipeline else {
+            return;
+        };
+
+        let subscriber_count = pipeline.subscriber_count();
+        if Self::should_stop_pipeline(session_count, subscriber_count) {
+            info!(
+                "{} stopping video pipeline (sessions={}, subscribers={})",
+                reason, session_count, subscriber_count
+            );
+            pipeline.stop();
+        } else {
+            debug!(
+                "Keeping video pipeline alive (reason={}, sessions={}, subscribers={})",
+                reason, session_count, subscriber_count
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Ensure video pipeline is initialized and running
     async fn ensure_video_pipeline(self: &Arc<Self>) -> Result<Arc<SharedVideoPipeline>> {
         let mut pipeline_guard = self.video_pipeline.write().await;
@@ -270,7 +297,6 @@ impl WebRtcStreamer {
             bitrate_preset: config.bitrate_preset,
             fps: config.fps,
             encoder_backend: config.encoder_backend,
-            ..Default::default()
         };
 
         info!("Creating shared video pipeline for {:?}", codec);
@@ -311,7 +337,9 @@ impl WebRtcStreamer {
                         }
                         drop(pipeline_guard);
 
-                        info!("Video pipeline stopped, but keeping capture config for new sessions");
+                        info!(
+                            "Video pipeline stopped, but keeping capture config for new sessions"
+                        );
                     }
                     break;
                 }
@@ -739,13 +767,7 @@ impl WebRtcStreamer {
             session.close().await?;
         }
 
-        // Stop pipeline if no more sessions
+        self.stop_pipeline_if_idle("After close_session").await;
-        if self.sessions.read().await.is_empty() {
-            if let Some(ref pipeline) = *self.video_pipeline.read().await {
-                info!("No more sessions, stopping video pipeline");
-                pipeline.stop();
-            }
-        }
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -762,11 +784,8 @@ impl WebRtcStreamer {
             }
         }
 
-        // Stop pipeline
         drop(sessions);
-        if let Some(ref pipeline) = *self.video_pipeline.read().await {
+        self.stop_pipeline_if_idle("After close_all_sessions").await;
-            pipeline.stop();
-        }
 
         count
     }
@@ -825,14 +844,9 @@ impl WebRtcStreamer {
                 sessions.remove(id);
             }
 
-            // Stop pipeline if no more sessions
+            drop(sessions);
-            if sessions.is_empty() {
+            self.stop_pipeline_if_idle("After cleanup_closed_sessions")
-                drop(sessions);
+                .await;
-                if let Some(ref pipeline) = *self.video_pipeline.read().await {
-                    info!("No more sessions after cleanup, stopping video pipeline");
-                    pipeline.stop();
-                }
-            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -926,10 +940,7 @@ impl WebRtcStreamer {
                             let pipeline = pipeline_for_callback.clone();
                             let sid = sid.clone();
                             tokio::spawn(async move {
-                                info!(
+                                info!("Requesting keyframe for session {} after reconnect", sid);
-                                    "Requesting keyframe for session {} after reconnect",
-                                    sid
-                                );
                                 pipeline.request_keyframe().await;
                             });
                         });
@@ -992,4 +1003,12 @@ mod tests {
         let codecs = streamer.supported_video_codecs();
         assert!(codecs.contains(&VideoCodecType::H264));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn stop_pipeline_requires_no_sessions_and_no_subscribers() {
+        assert!(WebRtcStreamer::should_stop_pipeline(0, 0));
+        assert!(!WebRtcStreamer::should_stop_pipeline(1, 0));
+        assert!(!WebRtcStreamer::should_stop_pipeline(0, 1));
+        assert!(!WebRtcStreamer::should_stop_pipeline(2, 3));
+    }
 }

web/src/api/config.ts

@@ -136,6 +136,15 @@ export const msdConfigApi = {
 // ===== ATX 配置 API =====
 import type { AtxDevices } from '@/types/generated'
 
+export interface WolHistoryEntry {
+  mac_address: string
+  updated_at: number
+}
+
+export interface WolHistoryResponse {
+  history: WolHistoryEntry[]
+}
+
 export const atxConfigApi = {
   /**
    * 获取 ATX 配置
@@ -166,6 +175,13 @@ export const atxConfigApi = {
       method: 'POST',
       body: JSON.stringify({ mac_address: macAddress }),
     }),
+
+  /**
+   * 获取 WOL 历史记录（服务端持久化）
+   * @param limit 返回条数（1-50）
+   */
+  getWolHistory: (limit = 5) =>
+    request<WolHistoryResponse>(`/atx/wol/history?limit=${Math.max(1, Math.min(50, limit))}`),
 }
 
 // ===== Audio 配置 API =====
@@ -330,6 +346,49 @@ export const rustdeskConfigApi = {
     }),
 }
 
+// ===== RTSP 配置 API =====
+
+export type RtspCodec = 'h264' | 'h265'
+
+export interface RtspConfigResponse {
+  enabled: boolean
+  bind: string
+  port: number
+  path: string
+  allow_one_client: boolean
+  codec: RtspCodec
+  username?: string | null
+  has_password: boolean
+}
+
+export interface RtspConfigUpdate {
+  enabled?: boolean
+  bind?: string
+  port?: number
+  path?: string
+  allow_one_client?: boolean
+  codec?: RtspCodec
+  username?: string
+  password?: string
+}
+
+export interface RtspStatusResponse {
+  config: RtspConfigResponse
+  service_status: string
+}
+
+export const rtspConfigApi = {
+  get: () => request<RtspConfigResponse>('/config/rtsp'),
+
+  update: (config: RtspConfigUpdate) =>
+    request<RtspConfigResponse>('/config/rtsp', {
+      method: 'PATCH',
+      body: JSON.stringify(config),
+    }),
+
+  getStatus: () => request<RtspStatusResponse>('/config/rtsp/status'),
+}
+
 // ===== Web 服务器配置 API =====
 
 /** Web 服务器配置 */

web/src/api/index.ts

@@ -101,6 +101,46 @@ export const systemApi = {
     }),
 }
 
+export type UpdateChannel = 'stable' | 'beta'
+
+export interface UpdateOverviewResponse {
+  success: boolean
+  current_version: string
+  channel: UpdateChannel
+  latest_version: string
+  upgrade_available: boolean
+  target_version?: string
+  notes_between: Array<{
+    version: string
+    published_at: string
+    notes: string[]
+  }>
+}
+
+export interface UpdateStatusResponse {
+  success: boolean
+  phase: 'idle' | 'checking' | 'downloading' | 'verifying' | 'installing' | 'restarting' | 'success' | 'failed'
+  progress: number
+  current_version: string
+  target_version?: string
+  message?: string
+  last_error?: string
+}
+
+export const updateApi = {
+  overview: (channel: UpdateChannel = 'stable') =>
+    request<UpdateOverviewResponse>(`/update/overview?channel=${encodeURIComponent(channel)}`),
+
+  upgrade: (payload: { channel?: UpdateChannel; target_version?: string }) =>
+    request<{ success: boolean; message?: string }>('/update/upgrade', {
+      method: 'POST',
+      body: JSON.stringify(payload),
+    }),
+
+  status: () =>
+    request<UpdateStatusResponse>('/update/status'),
+}
+
 // Stream API
 export interface VideoCodecInfo {
   id: string
@@ -124,6 +164,19 @@ export interface AvailableCodecsResponse {
   codecs: VideoCodecInfo[]
 }
 
+export interface StreamConstraintsResponse {
+  success: boolean
+  allowed_codecs: string[]
+  locked_codec: string | null
+  disallow_mjpeg: boolean
+  sources: {
+    rustdesk: boolean
+    rtsp: boolean
+  }
+  reason: string
+  current_mode: string
+}
+
 export const streamApi = {
   status: () =>
     request<{
@@ -161,6 +214,9 @@ export const streamApi = {
   getCodecs: () =>
     request<AvailableCodecsResponse>('/stream/codecs'),
 
+  getConstraints: () =>
+    request<StreamConstraintsResponse>('/stream/constraints'),
+
   setBitratePreset: (bitrate_preset: import('@/types/generated').BitratePreset) =>
     request<{ success: boolean; message?: string }>('/stream/bitrate', {
       method: 'POST',
@@ -186,10 +242,10 @@ export const webrtcApi = {
   createSession: () =>
     request<{ session_id: string }>('/webrtc/session', { method: 'POST' }),
 
-  offer: (sdp: string, clientId?: string) =>
+  offer: (sdp: string) =>
     request<{ sdp: string; session_id: string; ice_candidates: IceCandidate[] }>('/webrtc/offer', {
       method: 'POST',
-      body: JSON.stringify({ sdp, client_id: clientId }),
+      body: JSON.stringify({ sdp }),
     }),
 
   addIceCandidate: (sessionId: string, candidate: IceCandidate) =>
@@ -247,17 +303,34 @@ export const hidApi = {
       screen_resolution: [number, number] | null
     }>('/hid/status'),
 
-  keyboard: async (type: 'down' | 'up', key: number, modifiers?: {
+  otgSelfCheck: () =>
-    ctrl?: boolean
+    request<{
-    shift?: boolean
+      overall_ok: boolean
-    alt?: boolean
+      error_count: number
-    meta?: boolean
+      warning_count: number
-  }) => {
+      hid_backend: string
+      selected_udc: string | null
+      bound_udc: string | null
+      udc_state: string | null
+      udc_speed: string | null
+      available_udcs: string[]
+      other_gadgets: string[]
+      checks: Array<{
+        id: string
+        ok: boolean
+        level: 'info' | 'warn' | 'error'
+        message: string
+        hint?: string
+        path?: string
+      }>
+    }>('/hid/otg/self-check'),
+
+  keyboard: async (type: 'down' | 'up', key: number, modifier?: number) => {
     await ensureHidConnection()
     const event: HidKeyboardEvent = {
       type: type === 'down' ? 'keydown' : 'keyup',
       key,
-      modifiers,
+      modifier: (modifier ?? 0) & 0xff,
     }
     await hidWs.sendKeyboard(event)
     return { success: true }
@@ -481,6 +554,25 @@ export const msdApi = {
     }),
 }
 
+interface SerialDeviceOption {
+  path: string
+  name: string
+}
+
+function getSerialDevicePriority(path: string): number {
+  if (/^\/dev\/ttyUSB/i.test(path)) return 0
+  if (/^\/dev\/(ttyS|S)/i.test(path)) return 2
+  return 1
+}
+
+function sortSerialDevices(serialDevices: SerialDeviceOption[]): SerialDeviceOption[] {
+  return [...serialDevices].sort((a, b) => {
+    const priorityDiff = getSerialDevicePriority(a.path) - getSerialDevicePriority(b.path)
+    if (priorityDiff !== 0) return priorityDiff
+    return a.path.localeCompare(b.path, undefined, { numeric: true, sensitivity: 'base' })
+  })
+}
+
 // Config API
 /** @deprecated 使用域特定 API（videoConfigApi, hidConfigApi 等）替代 */
 export const configApi = {
@@ -493,8 +585,8 @@ export const configApi = {
       body: JSON.stringify(updates),
     }),
 
-  listDevices: () =>
+  listDevices: async () => {
-    request<{
+    const result = await request<{
       video: Array<{
         path: string
         name: string
@@ -522,7 +614,13 @@ export const configApi = {
         ttyd_available: boolean
         rustdesk_available: boolean
       }
-    }>('/devices'),
+    }>('/devices')
+
+    return {
+      ...result,
+      serial: sortSerialDevices(result.serial),
+    }
+  },
 }
 
 // 导出新的域分离配置 API
@@ -536,11 +634,15 @@ export {
   audioConfigApi,
   extensionsApi,
   rustdeskConfigApi,
+  rtspConfigApi,
   webConfigApi,
   type RustDeskConfigResponse,
   type RustDeskStatusResponse,
   type RustDeskConfigUpdate,
   type RustDeskPasswordResponse,
+  type RtspConfigResponse,
+  type RtspConfigUpdate,
+  type RtspStatusResponse,
   type WebConfig,
 } from './config'
 

web/src/components/AppLayout.vue

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ async function handleLogout() {
 </script>
 
 <template>
-  <div class="h-screen flex flex-col bg-background overflow-hidden">
+  <div class="h-screen h-dvh flex flex-col bg-background overflow-hidden">
     <!-- Header -->
     <header class="shrink-0 z-50 w-full border-b bg-background/95 backdrop-blur supports-[backdrop-filter]:bg-background/60">
       <div class="flex h-14 items-center px-4 max-w-full">
@@ -86,14 +86,14 @@ async function handleLogout() {
           </span>
 
           <!-- Theme Toggle -->
-          <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" @click="toggleTheme">
+          <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" :aria-label="t('common.toggleTheme')" @click="toggleTheme">
             <Sun class="h-4 w-4 rotate-0 scale-100 transition-all dark:-rotate-90 dark:scale-0" />
             <Moon class="absolute h-4 w-4 rotate-90 scale-0 transition-all dark:rotate-0 dark:scale-100" />
             <span class="sr-only">{{ t('common.toggleTheme') }}</span>
           </Button>
 
           <!-- Language Toggle -->
-          <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" @click="toggleLanguage">
+          <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" :aria-label="t('common.toggleLanguage')" @click="toggleLanguage">
             <Languages class="h-4 w-4" />
             <span class="sr-only">{{ t('common.toggleLanguage') }}</span>
           </Button>
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ async function handleLogout() {
           <!-- Mobile Menu -->
           <DropdownMenu>
             <DropdownMenuTrigger as-child class="md:hidden">
-              <Button variant="ghost" size="icon">
+              <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" :aria-label="t('common.menu')">
                 <Menu class="h-4 w-4" />
               </Button>
             </DropdownMenuTrigger>
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ async function handleLogout() {
           </DropdownMenu>
 
           <!-- Logout Button (Desktop) -->
-          <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" class="hidden md:flex" @click="handleLogout">
+          <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" class="hidden md:flex" :aria-label="t('nav.logout')" @click="handleLogout">
             <LogOut class="h-4 w-4" />
             <span class="sr-only">{{ t('nav.logout') }}</span>
           </Button>

web/src/components/AtxPopover.vue

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <script setup lang="ts">
-import { ref, computed } from 'vue'
+import { ref, computed, watch } from 'vue'
 import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
 import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
 import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge'
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import {
   AlertDialogTitle,
 } from '@/components/ui/alert-dialog'
 import { Power, RotateCcw, CircleDot, Wifi, Send } from 'lucide-vue-next'
+import { atxConfigApi } from '@/api/config'
 
 const emit = defineEmits<{
   (e: 'close'): void
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ const confirmDialogOpen = ref(false)
 const wolMacAddress = ref('')
 const wolHistory = ref<string[]>([])
 const wolSending = ref(false)
+const wolLoadingHistory = ref(false)
 
 const powerStateColor = computed(() => {
   switch (powerState.value) {
@@ -110,16 +112,11 @@ function sendWol() {
 
   emit('wol', mac)
 
-  // Add to history if not exists
+  // Optimistic update, then sync from server after request likely completes
-  if (!wolHistory.value.includes(mac)) {
+  wolHistory.value = [mac, ...wolHistory.value.filter(item => item !== mac)].slice(0, 5)
-    wolHistory.value.unshift(mac)
+  setTimeout(() => {
-    // Keep only last 5
+    loadWolHistory().catch(() => {})
-    if (wolHistory.value.length > 5) {
+  }, 1200)
-      wolHistory.value.pop()
-    }
-    // Save to localStorage
-    localStorage.setItem('wol_history', JSON.stringify(wolHistory.value))
-  }
 
   setTimeout(() => {
     wolSending.value = false
@@ -130,15 +127,27 @@ function selectFromHistory(mac: string) {
   wolMacAddress.value = mac
 }
 
-// Load WOL history on mount
+async function loadWolHistory() {
-const savedHistory = localStorage.getItem('wol_history')
+  wolLoadingHistory.value = true
-if (savedHistory) {
   try {
-    wolHistory.value = JSON.parse(savedHistory)
+    const response = await atxConfigApi.getWolHistory(5)
-  } catch (e) {
+    wolHistory.value = response.history.map(item => item.mac_address)
+  } catch {
     wolHistory.value = []
+  } finally {
+    wolLoadingHistory.value = false
   }
 }
+
+watch(
+  () => activeTab.value,
+  (tab) => {
+    if (tab === 'wol') {
+      loadWolHistory().catch(() => {})
+    }
+  },
+  { immediate: true },
+)
 </script>
 
 <template>
@@ -234,6 +243,10 @@ if (savedHistory) {
           </p>
         </div>
 
+        <p v-if="wolLoadingHistory" class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
+          {{ t('common.loading') }}
+        </p>
+
         <!-- History -->
         <div v-if="wolHistory.length > 0" class="space-y-2">
           <Separator />

web/src/components/PasteModal.vue

@@ -69,24 +69,24 @@ async function typeChar(char: string, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<boolean> {
     return true
   }
 
-  const { keyCode, shift } = mapping
+  const { hidCode, shift } = mapping
-  const modifiers = shift ? { shift: true } : undefined
+  const modifier = shift ? 0x02 : 0
 
   try {
     // Send keydown
-    await hidApi.keyboard('down', keyCode, modifiers)
+    await hidApi.keyboard('down', hidCode, modifier)
 
     // Small delay between down and up to ensure key is registered
     await sleep(5)
 
     if (signal.aborted) {
       // Even if aborted, still send keyup to release the key
-      await hidApi.keyboard('up', keyCode, modifiers)
+      await hidApi.keyboard('up', hidCode, modifier)
       return false
     }
 
     // Send keyup
-    await hidApi.keyboard('up', keyCode, modifiers)
+    await hidApi.keyboard('up', hidCode, modifier)
 
     // Additional small delay after keyup to ensure it's processed
     await sleep(2)
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ async function typeChar(char: string, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<boolean> {
     console.error('[Paste] Failed to type character:', char, error)
     // Try to release the key even on error
     try {
-      await hidApi.keyboard('up', keyCode, modifiers)
+      await hidApi.keyboard('up', hidCode, modifier)
     } catch {
       // Ignore cleanup errors
     }

web/src/components/StatsSheet.vue

@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
   <Sheet :open="props.open" @update:open="emit('update:open', $event)">
     <SheetContent
       side="right"
-      class="w-[400px] sm:w-[440px] p-0 border-l border-slate-200 dark:border-slate-800 bg-white dark:bg-slate-950"
+      class="w-[90vw] max-w-[440px] p-0 border-l border-slate-200 dark:border-slate-800 bg-white dark:bg-slate-950"
     >
       <!-- Header -->
       <SheetHeader class="px-6 py-3 border-b border-slate-200 dark:border-slate-800">
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@ onUnmounted(() => {
         </div>
       </SheetHeader>
 
-      <ScrollArea class="h-[calc(100vh-60px)]">
+      <ScrollArea class="h-[calc(100dvh-60px)]">
         <div class="px-6 py-4 space-y-6">
           <!-- Video Section Header -->
           <div>

web/src/components/StatusCard.vue

@@ -129,9 +129,11 @@ const statusBadgeText = computed(() => {
   <HoverCard v-if="!prefersPopover" :open-delay="200" :close-delay="100">
     <HoverCardTrigger as-child>
       <!-- New layout: vertical with title on top, status+quickInfo on bottom -->
-      <div
+      <button
+        type="button"
+        :aria-label="`${title}: ${quickInfo || subtitle || statusText}`"
         :class="cn(
-          'flex flex-col gap-0.5 rounded-md border cursor-pointer transition-colors',
+          'flex flex-col gap-0.5 rounded-md border cursor-pointer transition-colors text-left focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2',
           compact ? 'px-2 py-1 text-xs min-w-[80px]' : 'px-3 py-1.5 text-sm min-w-[100px]',
           'bg-white dark:bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-50 dark:hover:bg-slate-700',
           'border-slate-200 dark:border-slate-700',
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ const statusBadgeText = computed(() => {
             {{ quickInfo || subtitle || statusText }}
           </span>
         </div>
-      </div>
+      </button>
     </HoverCardTrigger>
 
     <HoverCardContent class="w-80" :align="hoverAlign">
@@ -228,9 +230,11 @@ const statusBadgeText = computed(() => {
   <Popover v-else>
     <PopoverTrigger as-child>
       <!-- New layout: vertical with title on top, status+quickInfo on bottom -->
-      <div
+      <button
+        type="button"
+        :aria-label="`${title}: ${quickInfo || subtitle || statusText}`"
         :class="cn(
-          'flex flex-col gap-0.5 rounded-md border cursor-pointer transition-colors',
+          'flex flex-col gap-0.5 rounded-md border cursor-pointer transition-colors text-left focus-visible:outline-none focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2',
           compact ? 'px-2 py-1 text-xs min-w-[80px]' : 'px-3 py-1.5 text-sm min-w-[100px]',
           'bg-white dark:bg-slate-800 hover:bg-slate-50 dark:hover:bg-slate-700',
           'border-slate-200 dark:border-slate-700',
@@ -246,7 +250,7 @@ const statusBadgeText = computed(() => {
             {{ quickInfo || subtitle || statusText }}
           </span>
         </div>
-      </div>
+      </button>
     </PopoverTrigger>
 
     <PopoverContent class="w-80" :align="hoverAlign">

web/src/components/VideoConfigPopover.vue

@@ -17,9 +17,16 @@ import {
   SelectTrigger,
   SelectValue,
 } from '@/components/ui/select'
-import { Monitor, RefreshCw, Loader2, Settings, Zap, Scale, Image } from 'lucide-vue-next'
+import { Monitor, RefreshCw, Loader2, Settings, Zap, Scale, Image, AlertTriangle } from 'lucide-vue-next'
 import HelpTooltip from '@/components/HelpTooltip.vue'
-import { configApi, streamApi, type VideoCodecInfo, type EncoderBackendInfo, type BitratePreset } from '@/api'
+import {
+  configApi,
+  streamApi,
+  type VideoCodecInfo,
+  type EncoderBackendInfo,
+  type BitratePreset,
+  type StreamConstraintsResponse,
+} from '@/api'
 import { useConfigStore } from '@/stores/config'
 import { useRouter } from 'vue-router'
 
@@ -64,7 +71,50 @@ const loadingCodecs = ref(false)
 
 // Backend list
 const backends = ref<EncoderBackendInfo[]>([])
+const constraints = ref<StreamConstraintsResponse | null>(null)
 const currentEncoderBackend = computed(() => configStore.stream?.encoder || 'auto')
+const isRtspEnabled = computed(() => {
+  if (typeof configStore.rtspStatus?.config?.enabled === 'boolean') {
+    return configStore.rtspStatus.config.enabled
+  }
+  return !!configStore.rtspConfig?.enabled
+})
+const isRustdeskEnabled = computed(() => {
+  if (typeof configStore.rustdeskStatus?.config?.enabled === 'boolean') {
+    return configStore.rustdeskStatus.config.enabled
+  }
+  return !!configStore.rustdeskConfig?.enabled
+})
+const isRtspCodecLocked = computed(() => isRtspEnabled.value)
+const isRustdeskWebrtcLocked = computed(() => !isRtspEnabled.value && isRustdeskEnabled.value)
+const codecLockSources = computed(() => {
+  if (isRtspCodecLocked.value) {
+    return isRustdeskEnabled.value ? 'RTSP/RustDesk' : 'RTSP'
+  }
+  if (isRustdeskWebrtcLocked.value) return 'RustDesk'
+  return ''
+})
+const codecLockMessage = computed(() => {
+  if (!codecLockSources.value) return ''
+  return t('actionbar.multiSourceCodecLocked', { sources: codecLockSources.value })
+})
+const videoParamWarningSources = computed(() => {
+  if (isRtspEnabled.value && isRustdeskEnabled.value) return 'RTSP/RustDesk'
+  if (isRtspEnabled.value) return 'RTSP'
+  if (isRustdeskEnabled.value) return 'RustDesk'
+  return ''
+})
+const videoParamWarningMessage = computed(() => {
+  if (!videoParamWarningSources.value) return ''
+  return t('actionbar.multiSourceVideoParamsWarning', { sources: videoParamWarningSources.value })
+})
+const isCodecLocked = computed(() => !!codecLockMessage.value)
+
+const isCodecOptionDisabled = (codecId: string): boolean => {
+  if (!isBrowserSupported(codecId)) return true
+  if (isRustdeskWebrtcLocked.value && codecId === 'mjpeg') return true
+  return false
+}
 
 // Browser supported codecs (WebRTC receive capabilities)
 const browserSupportedCodecs = ref<Set<string>>(new Set())
@@ -220,7 +270,7 @@ const availableCodecs = computed(() => {
   const backend = backends.value.find(b => b.id === currentEncoderBackend.value)
   if (!backend) return allAvailable
 
-  return allAvailable
+  const backendFiltered = allAvailable
     .filter(codec => {
       // MJPEG is always available (doesn't require encoder)
       if (codec.id === 'mjpeg') return true
@@ -238,6 +288,13 @@ const availableCodecs = computed(() => {
         backend: backend.name,
       }
     })
+
+  const allowed = constraints.value?.allowed_codecs
+  if (!allowed || allowed.length === 0) {
+    return backendFiltered
+  }
+
+  return backendFiltered.filter(codec => allowed.includes(codec.id))
 })
 
 // Cascading filters
@@ -303,6 +360,14 @@ async function loadCodecs() {
   }
 }
 
+async function loadConstraints() {
+  try {
+    constraints.value = await streamApi.getConstraints()
+  } catch {
+    constraints.value = null
+  }
+}
+
 // Navigate to settings page (video tab)
 function goToSettings() {
   router.push('/settings?tab=video')
@@ -339,6 +404,22 @@ function syncFromCurrentIfChanged() {
 // Handle video mode change
 function handleVideoModeChange(mode: unknown) {
   if (typeof mode !== 'string') return
+
+  if (isRtspCodecLocked.value) {
+    toast.warning(codecLockMessage.value)
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (isRustdeskWebrtcLocked.value && mode === 'mjpeg') {
+    toast.warning(codecLockMessage.value)
+    return
+  }
+
+  if (constraints.value?.allowed_codecs?.length && !constraints.value.allowed_codecs.includes(mode)) {
+    toast.error(constraints.value.reason || t('actionbar.selectMode'))
+    return
+  }
+
   emit('update:videoMode', mode as VideoMode)
 }
 
@@ -466,9 +547,13 @@ watch(() => props.open, (isOpen) => {
     loadCodecs()
   }
 
+  loadConstraints()
+
   Promise.all([
     configStore.refreshVideo(),
     configStore.refreshStream(),
+    configStore.refreshRtspStatus(),
+    configStore.refreshRustdeskStatus(),
   ]).then(() => {
     initializeFromCurrent()
   }).catch(() => {
@@ -508,7 +593,7 @@ watch(currentConfig, () => {
             <Select
               :model-value="props.videoMode"
               @update:model-value="handleVideoModeChange"
-              :disabled="loadingCodecs || availableCodecs.length === 0"
+              :disabled="loadingCodecs || availableCodecs.length === 0 || isRtspCodecLocked"
             >
               <SelectTrigger class="h-8 text-xs">
                 <div v-if="selectedCodecInfo" class="flex items-center gap-1.5 truncate">
@@ -530,8 +615,8 @@ watch(currentConfig, () => {
                   v-for="codec in availableCodecs"
                   :key="codec.id"
                   :value="codec.id"
-                  :disabled="!isBrowserSupported(codec.id)"
+                  :disabled="isCodecOptionDisabled(codec.id)"
-                  :class="['text-xs', { 'opacity-50': !isBrowserSupported(codec.id) }]"
+                  :class="['text-xs', { 'opacity-50': isCodecOptionDisabled(codec.id) }]"
                 >
                   <div class="flex items-center gap-2">
                     <span>{{ codec.name }}</span>
@@ -558,6 +643,9 @@ watch(currentConfig, () => {
             <p v-if="props.videoMode !== 'mjpeg'" class="text-xs text-muted-foreground">
               {{ t('actionbar.webrtcHint') }}
             </p>
+            <p v-if="isCodecLocked" class="text-xs text-amber-600 dark:text-amber-400">
+              {{ codecLockMessage }}
+            </p>
           </div>
 
           <!-- Bitrate Preset - Only shown for WebRTC modes -->
@@ -624,6 +712,16 @@ watch(currentConfig, () => {
         <Separator />
 
         <div class="space-y-3">
+          <div
+            v-if="videoParamWarningMessage"
+            class="rounded-md border border-amber-500/30 bg-amber-500/10 px-2.5 py-2"
+          >
+            <p class="flex items-start gap-1.5 text-xs text-amber-700 dark:text-amber-300">
+              <AlertTriangle class="h-3.5 w-3.5 mt-0.5 shrink-0" />
+              <span>{{ videoParamWarningMessage }}</span>
+            </p>
+          </div>
+
           <div class="flex items-center justify-between">
             <h5 class="text-xs font-medium text-muted-foreground">{{ t('actionbar.deviceSettings') }}</h5>
             <Button
@@ -655,7 +753,7 @@ watch(currentConfig, () => {
                   :value="device.path"
                   class="text-xs"
                 >
-                  {{ device.name }}
+                  {{ device.name }} ({{ device.path }})
                 </SelectItem>
               </SelectContent>
             </Select>

web/src/components/VirtualKeyboard.vue

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import {
   consumerKeys,
   latchingKeys,
   modifiers,
+  updateModifierMaskForHidKey,
   type KeyName,
   type ConsumerKeyName,
 } from '@/lib/keyboardMappings'
@@ -304,9 +305,10 @@ async function onKeyDown(key: string) {
   // Handle latching keys (Caps Lock, etc.)
   if ((latchingKeys as readonly string[]).includes(cleanKey)) {
     emit('keyDown', cleanKey)
-    await sendKeyPress(keyCode, true)
+    const currentMask = pressedModifiers.value & 0xff
+    await sendKeyPress(keyCode, true, currentMask)
     setTimeout(() => {
-      sendKeyPress(keyCode, false)
+      sendKeyPress(keyCode, false, currentMask)
       emit('keyUp', cleanKey)
     }, 100)
     return
@@ -318,12 +320,14 @@ async function onKeyDown(key: string) {
     const isCurrentlyDown = (pressedModifiers.value & mask) !== 0
 
     if (isCurrentlyDown) {
-      pressedModifiers.value &= ~mask
+      const nextMask = pressedModifiers.value & ~mask
-      await sendKeyPress(keyCode, false)
+      pressedModifiers.value = nextMask
+      await sendKeyPress(keyCode, false, nextMask)
       emit('keyUp', cleanKey)
     } else {
-      pressedModifiers.value |= mask
+      const nextMask = pressedModifiers.value | mask
-      await sendKeyPress(keyCode, true)
+      pressedModifiers.value = nextMask
+      await sendKeyPress(keyCode, true, nextMask)
       emit('keyDown', cleanKey)
     }
     updateKeyboardButtonTheme()
@@ -333,11 +337,12 @@ async function onKeyDown(key: string) {
   // Regular key: press and release
   keysDown.value.push(cleanKey)
   emit('keyDown', cleanKey)
-  await sendKeyPress(keyCode, true)
+  const currentMask = pressedModifiers.value & 0xff
+  await sendKeyPress(keyCode, true, currentMask)
   updateKeyboardButtonTheme()
   setTimeout(async () => {
     keysDown.value = keysDown.value.filter(k => k !== cleanKey)
-    await sendKeyPress(keyCode, false)
+    await sendKeyPress(keyCode, false, currentMask)
     emit('keyUp', cleanKey)
     updateKeyboardButtonTheme()
   }, 50)
@@ -347,16 +352,9 @@ async function onKeyUp() {
   // Not used for now - we handle up in onKeyDown with setTimeout
 }
 
-async function sendKeyPress(keyCode: number, press: boolean) {
+async function sendKeyPress(keyCode: number, press: boolean, modifierMask: number) {
   try {
-    const mods = {
+    await hidApi.keyboard(press ? 'down' : 'up', keyCode, modifierMask & 0xff)
-      ctrl: (pressedModifiers.value & 0x11) !== 0,
-      shift: (pressedModifiers.value & 0x22) !== 0,
-      alt: (pressedModifiers.value & 0x44) !== 0,
-      meta: (pressedModifiers.value & 0x88) !== 0,
-    }
-
-    await hidApi.keyboard(press ? 'down' : 'up', keyCode, mods)
   } catch (err) {
     console.error('[VirtualKeyboard] Key send failed:', err)
   }
@@ -368,16 +366,20 @@ interface MacroStep {
 }
 
 async function executeMacro(steps: MacroStep[]) {
+  let macroModifierMask = pressedModifiers.value & 0xff
+
   for (const step of steps) {
     for (const mod of step.modifiers) {
       if (mod in keys) {
-        await sendKeyPress(keys[mod as KeyName], true)
+        const modHid = keys[mod as KeyName]
+        macroModifierMask = updateModifierMaskForHidKey(macroModifierMask, modHid, true)
+        await sendKeyPress(modHid, true, macroModifierMask)
       }
     }
 
     for (const key of step.keys) {
       if (key in keys) {
-        await sendKeyPress(keys[key as KeyName], true)
+        await sendKeyPress(keys[key as KeyName], true, macroModifierMask)
       }
     }
 
@@ -385,13 +387,15 @@ async function executeMacro(steps: MacroStep[]) {
 
     for (const key of step.keys) {
       if (key in keys) {
-        await sendKeyPress(keys[key as KeyName], false)
+        await sendKeyPress(keys[key as KeyName], false, macroModifierMask)
       }
     }
 
     for (const mod of step.modifiers) {
       if (mod in keys) {
-        await sendKeyPress(keys[mod as KeyName], false)
+        const modHid = keys[mod as KeyName]
+        macroModifierMask = updateModifierMaskForHidKey(macroModifierMask, modHid, false)
+        await sendKeyPress(modHid, false, macroModifierMask)
       }
     }
   }

web/src/composables/useHidInput.ts

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { ref, type Ref } from 'vue'
 import { useI18n } from 'vue-i18n'
 import { toast } from 'vue-sonner'
 import { hidApi } from '@/api'
+import { keyboardEventToHidCode, updateModifierMaskForHidKey } from '@/lib/keyboardMappings'
 
 export interface HidInputState {
   mouseMode: Ref<'absolute' | 'relative'>
@@ -32,6 +33,7 @@ export function useHidInput(options: UseHidInputOptions) {
     numLock: false,
     scrollLock: false,
   })
+  const activeModifierMask = ref(0)
   const mousePosition = ref({ x: 0, y: 0 })
   const lastMousePosition = ref({ x: 0, y: 0 })
   const isPointerLocked = ref(false)
@@ -83,14 +85,14 @@ export function useHidInput(options: UseHidInputOptions) {
     keyboardLed.value.numLock = e.getModifierState('NumLock')
     keyboardLed.value.scrollLock = e.getModifierState('ScrollLock')
 
-    const modifiers = {
+    const hidKey = keyboardEventToHidCode(e.code, e.key)
-      ctrl: e.ctrlKey,
+    if (hidKey === undefined) {
-      shift: e.shiftKey,
+      return
-      alt: e.altKey,
-      meta: e.metaKey,
     }
 
-    hidApi.keyboard('down', e.keyCode, modifiers).catch(err => handleHidError(err, 'keyboard down'))
+    const modifierMask = updateModifierMaskForHidKey(activeModifierMask.value, hidKey, true)
+    activeModifierMask.value = modifierMask
+    hidApi.keyboard('down', hidKey, modifierMask).catch(err => handleHidError(err, 'keyboard down'))
   }
 
   function handleKeyUp(e: KeyboardEvent) {
@@ -107,7 +109,14 @@ export function useHidInput(options: UseHidInputOptions) {
     const keyName = e.key === ' ' ? 'Space' : e.key
     pressedKeys.value = pressedKeys.value.filter(k => k !== keyName)
 
-    hidApi.keyboard('up', e.keyCode).catch(err => handleHidError(err, 'keyboard up'))
+    const hidKey = keyboardEventToHidCode(e.code, e.key)
+    if (hidKey === undefined) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const modifierMask = updateModifierMaskForHidKey(activeModifierMask.value, hidKey, false)
+    activeModifierMask.value = modifierMask
+    hidApi.keyboard('up', hidKey, modifierMask).catch(err => handleHidError(err, 'keyboard up'))
   }
 
   // Mouse handlers
@@ -233,6 +242,7 @@ export function useHidInput(options: UseHidInputOptions) {
 
   function handleBlur() {
     pressedKeys.value = []
+    activeModifierMask.value = 0
     if (pressedMouseButton.value !== null) {
       const button = pressedMouseButton.value
       pressedMouseButton.value = null

web/src/composables/useWebRTC.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 import { ref, onUnmounted, computed, type Ref } from 'vue'
 import { webrtcApi, type IceCandidate } from '@/api'
-import { generateUUID } from '@/lib/utils'
 import {
   type HidKeyboardEvent,
   type HidMouseEvent,
@@ -15,6 +14,19 @@ import { useWebSocket } from '@/composables/useWebSocket'
 export type { HidKeyboardEvent, HidMouseEvent }
 
 export type WebRTCState = 'disconnected' | 'connecting' | 'connected' | 'failed'
+export type WebRTCConnectStage =
+  | 'idle'
+  | 'fetching_ice_servers'
+  | 'creating_peer_connection'
+  | 'creating_data_channel'
+  | 'creating_offer'
+  | 'waiting_server_answer'
+  | 'setting_remote_description'
+  | 'applying_ice_candidates'
+  | 'waiting_connection'
+  | 'connected'
+  | 'disconnected'
+  | 'failed'
 
 // ICE candidate type: host=P2P local, srflx=P2P STUN, relay=TURN relay
 export type IceCandidateType = 'host' | 'srflx' | 'prflx' | 'relay' | 'unknown'
@@ -99,6 +111,7 @@ let dataChannel: RTCDataChannel | null = null
 let sessionId: string | null = null
 let statsInterval: number | null = null
 let isConnecting = false // Lock to prevent concurrent connect calls
+let connectInFlight: Promise<boolean> | null = null
 let pendingIceCandidates: RTCIceCandidate[] = [] // Queue for ICE candidates before sessionId is set
 let pendingRemoteCandidates: WebRTCIceCandidateEvent[] = [] // Queue for server ICE candidates
 let pendingRemoteIceComplete = new Set<string>() // Session IDs waiting for end-of-candidates
@@ -131,6 +144,7 @@ const stats = ref<WebRTCStats>({
 })
 const error = ref<string | null>(null)
 const dataChannelReady = ref(false)
+const connectStage = ref<WebRTCConnectStage>('idle')
 
 // Create RTCPeerConnection with configuration
 function createPeerConnection(iceServers: RTCIceServer[]): RTCPeerConnection {
@@ -149,16 +163,19 @@ function createPeerConnection(iceServers: RTCIceServer[]): RTCPeerConnection {
         break
       case 'connected':
         state.value = 'connected'
+        connectStage.value = 'connected'
         error.value = null
         startStatsCollection()
         break
       case 'disconnected':
       case 'closed':
         state.value = 'disconnected'
+        connectStage.value = 'disconnected'
         stopStatsCollection()
         break
       case 'failed':
         state.value = 'failed'
+        connectStage.value = 'failed'
         error.value = 'Connection failed'
         stopStatsCollection()
         break
@@ -450,100 +467,123 @@ async function flushPendingIceCandidates() {
 
 // Connect to WebRTC server
 async function connect(): Promise<boolean> {
-  registerWebSocketHandlers()
+  if (connectInFlight) {
-
+    return connectInFlight
-  // Prevent concurrent connection attempts
-  if (isConnecting) {
-    return false
   }
 
-  if (peerConnection && state.value === 'connected') {
+  connectInFlight = (async () => {
-    return true
+    registerWebSocketHandlers()
-  }
 
-  isConnecting = true
+    // Prevent concurrent connection attempts
+    if (isConnecting) {
+      return state.value === 'connected'
+    }
 
-  // Clean up any existing connection first
+    if (peerConnection && state.value === 'connected') {
-  if (peerConnection || sessionId) {
+      return true
-    await disconnect()
+    }
-  }
 
-  // Clear pending ICE candidates from previous attempt
+    isConnecting = true
-  pendingIceCandidates = []
+
+    // Clean up any existing connection first
+    if (peerConnection || sessionId) {
+      await disconnect()
+    }
+
+    // Clear pending ICE candidates from previous attempt
+    pendingIceCandidates = []
+
+    try {
+      state.value = 'connecting'
+      error.value = null
+      connectStage.value = 'fetching_ice_servers'
+
+      // Fetch ICE servers from backend API
+      const iceServers = await fetchIceServers()
+      connectStage.value = 'creating_peer_connection'
+
+      // Create peer connection with fetched ICE servers
+      peerConnection = createPeerConnection(iceServers)
+      connectStage.value = 'creating_data_channel'
+
+      // Create data channel before offer (for HID)
+      createDataChannel(peerConnection)
+
+      // Add transceiver for receiving video
+      peerConnection.addTransceiver('video', { direction: 'recvonly' })
+      peerConnection.addTransceiver('audio', { direction: 'recvonly' })
+      connectStage.value = 'creating_offer'
+
+      // Create offer
+      const offer = await peerConnection.createOffer()
+      await peerConnection.setLocalDescription(offer)
+      connectStage.value = 'waiting_server_answer'
+
+      // Send offer to server and get answer
+      // Do not pass client_id here: each connect creates a fresh session.
+      const response = await webrtcApi.offer(offer.sdp!)
+      sessionId = response.session_id
+
+      // Send any ICE candidates that were queued while waiting for sessionId
+      await flushPendingIceCandidates()
+
+      // Set remote description (answer)
+      const answer: RTCSessionDescriptionInit = {
+        type: 'answer',
+        sdp: response.sdp,
+      }
+      connectStage.value = 'setting_remote_description'
+      await peerConnection.setRemoteDescription(answer)
+
+      // Flush any pending server ICE candidates once remote description is set
+      connectStage.value = 'applying_ice_candidates'
+      await flushPendingRemoteIce()
+
+      // Add any ICE candidates from the response
+      if (response.ice_candidates && response.ice_candidates.length > 0) {
+        for (const candidateObj of response.ice_candidates) {
+          await addRemoteIceCandidate(candidateObj)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // 等待连接真正建立（最多等待 15 秒）
+      // 直接检查 peerConnection.connectionState 而不是 reactive state
+      // 因为 TypeScript 不知道 state 会被 onconnectionstatechange 回调异步修改
+      const connectionTimeout = 15000
+      const pollInterval = 100
+      let waited = 0
+      connectStage.value = 'waiting_connection'
+
+      while (waited < connectionTimeout && peerConnection) {
+        const pcState = peerConnection.connectionState
+        if (pcState === 'connected') {
+          connectStage.value = 'connected'
+          isConnecting = false
+          return true
+        }
+        if (pcState === 'failed' || pcState === 'closed') {
+          throw new Error('Connection failed during ICE negotiation')
+        }
+        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, pollInterval))
+        waited += pollInterval
+      }
+
+      // 超时
+      throw new Error('Connection timeout waiting for ICE negotiation')
+    } catch (err) {
+      state.value = 'failed'
+      connectStage.value = 'failed'
+      error.value = err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Connection failed'
+      isConnecting = false
+      await disconnect()
+      return false
+    }
+  })()
 
   try {
-    state.value = 'connecting'
+    return await connectInFlight
-    error.value = null
+  } finally {
-
+    connectInFlight = null
-    // Fetch ICE servers from backend API
-    const iceServers = await fetchIceServers()
-
-    // Create peer connection with fetched ICE servers
-    peerConnection = createPeerConnection(iceServers)
-
-    // Create data channel before offer (for HID)
-    createDataChannel(peerConnection)
-
-    // Add transceiver for receiving video
-    peerConnection.addTransceiver('video', { direction: 'recvonly' })
-    peerConnection.addTransceiver('audio', { direction: 'recvonly' })
-
-    // Create offer
-    const offer = await peerConnection.createOffer()
-    await peerConnection.setLocalDescription(offer)
-
-    // Send offer to server and get answer
-    const response = await webrtcApi.offer(offer.sdp!, generateUUID())
-    sessionId = response.session_id
-
-    // Send any ICE candidates that were queued while waiting for sessionId
-    await flushPendingIceCandidates()
-
-    // Set remote description (answer)
-    const answer: RTCSessionDescriptionInit = {
-      type: 'answer',
-      sdp: response.sdp,
-    }
-    await peerConnection.setRemoteDescription(answer)
-
-    // Flush any pending server ICE candidates once remote description is set
-    await flushPendingRemoteIce()
-
-    // Add any ICE candidates from the response
-    if (response.ice_candidates && response.ice_candidates.length > 0) {
-      for (const candidateObj of response.ice_candidates) {
-        await addRemoteIceCandidate(candidateObj)
-      }
-    }
-
-    // 等待连接真正建立（最多等待 15 秒）
-    // 直接检查 peerConnection.connectionState 而不是 reactive state
-    // 因为 TypeScript 不知道 state 会被 onconnectionstatechange 回调异步修改
-    const connectionTimeout = 15000
-    const pollInterval = 100
-    let waited = 0
-
-    while (waited < connectionTimeout && peerConnection) {
-      const pcState = peerConnection.connectionState
-      if (pcState === 'connected') {
-        isConnecting = false
-        return true
-      }
-      if (pcState === 'failed' || pcState === 'closed') {
-        throw new Error('Connection failed during ICE negotiation')
-      }
-      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, pollInterval))
-      waited += pollInterval
-    }
-
-    // 超时
-    throw new Error('Connection timeout waiting for ICE negotiation')
-  } catch (err) {
-    state.value = 'failed'
-    error.value = err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Connection failed'
-    isConnecting = false
-    disconnect()
-    return false
   }
 }
 
@@ -583,6 +623,7 @@ async function disconnect() {
   audioTrack.value = null
   cachedMediaStream = null // Clear cached stream on disconnect
   state.value = 'disconnected'
+  connectStage.value = 'disconnected'
   error.value = null
 
   // Reset stats
@@ -694,6 +735,7 @@ export function useWebRTC() {
     stats,
     error,
     dataChannelReady,
+    connectStage,
     sessionId: computed(() => sessionId),
 
     // Methods